Feasibility and Preliminary Effects of Aquatic Exercise on Pulmonary Function and Dynamic Balance in Young Adult Smokers: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.

Although group and interaction effect sizes were moderate, the observed differences did not reach statistical significance. MVV (maximum voluntary ventilation): MVV did not demonstrate any significant main effect of time, group, or interaction, suggesting the intervention did not meaningfully affect this parameter.

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FEV 1 (forced expiratory volume in 1 s): There was a near-significant main effect of time on FEV 1 values, indicating a trend toward overall improvement across the sample.

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FEV 1 /FVC ratio: The FEV 1 /FVC ratio demonstrated a time effect that approached significance. No significant group effect or interaction effect was observed.

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TV (tidal volume): A significant main effect of time was found for TV, and the time × group interaction was highly significant. The group effect approached significance.

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