Association between visceral adiposity index and risk of dental caries: findings from the national health and nutrition examination survey.

1.74 ± 0.04, P < 0.0001), with a clear trend across VAI quartiles showing increasing prevalence of untreated dental caries with higher VAI quartiles ( P < 0.0001), suggesting a potential dose–response relationship between visceral adiposity and dental caries risk.

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Participants without diabetes showed a significant association (OR = 1.087, 95% CI: 1.034–1.143, P = 0.002), while those with diabetes showed a borderline non-significant result (OR = 1.062, 95% CI: 1.000–1.129, P = 0.051).

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Most notably, a highly significant effect modification was observed for hyperlipidemia (P for interaction = 0.009), with participants without hyperlipidemia showing a remarkably stronger association (OR = 1.675, 95% CI: 1.221–2.297, P = 0.002) compared to those with hyperlipidemia (OR = 1.065, 95% CI: 1.026–1.106, P = 0.002), though both groups demonstrated significant associations.

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Regarding race/ethnicity, only non-Hispanic whites demonstrated a significant association (OR = 1.085, 95% CI: 1.031–1.141, P = 0.002), while Mexican Americans ( P = 0.585), non-Hispanic blacks ( P = 0.106), and other races ( P = 0.058) did not reach statistical significance.

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