Epigenetic dichotomy in florid vs. gliotic proliferative diabetic retinopathy: hypomethylation of EGLN1 and MMP9 drives divergent pathogenic pathways in angiogenesis and fibrosis.

As shown in these figures, most gene segments exhibited comparable methylation levels across the two subtypes, whereas some segments showed a trend toward differential methylation.

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In contrast, within the EGLN1_1_1_ segment—which did not reach statistical significance at the whole-segment level—two CpG sites (sites 78 and 150) showed significantly higher methylation in the Florid PDR group, suggesting that segment-level non-significance may reflect averaging across sites with opposing or heterogeneous methylation patterns.

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Methylation level difference of gene segments and CpG sites between gliotic and florid PDR group Although no statistically significant differences were detected at the whole-promoter level for the 16 target genes between the two PDR subtypes, exploratory analysis of finer-resolution regions revealed several nominally significant differences at the gene segment and individual CpG site levels.

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