Handwriting speed and pen motor control in older adults with and without cognitive impairment.

Front Hum Neurosci · 2026 · PMC13230135 · PMID 42245916

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentences

0.0660

closest p · 1.3× alpha

0.0730

boldest claim

The sentences

a trend toward significancep = 0.066so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

showed a trendp = 0.066so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

However, Number of Strokes showed a trend toward significance ( b = 0.90, p = 0.066).

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approached significancep = 0.073so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

In this model, Horizontal Size emerged as a strong predictor of slower handwriting speed ( b = 711.79, t = 3.65, p = 0.003), while Normalized y-Jerk approached significance ( p = 0.073), suggesting a potential association with handwriting fluency.

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near-significantno p-value reported

The near-significant contribution of Normalized y-Jerk in WS3 further suggests that reduced movement smoothness may compromise writing efficiency under higher cognitive load.

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failed to reach statistical significanceno p-value reported

The WS2 (dictation) model also failed to reach statistical significance, despite a high proportion of explained variance ( R = 0.87, R 2 = 0.76).

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Quoted from the open-access full text in Europe PMC under the licence the publisher applied. The sentence is reproduced exactly as published; the emphasis is ours.