Effects of different types of exercise interventions on perinatal depression, anxiety, and quality of life: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

When compared against ‘routine care/no treatment’ controls, exercise interventions demonstrated marginally significant protective effects (SMD = -0.256, 95% CI: -0.512 to 0.000; P = 0.05).

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Structured aerobic/endurance exercise showed a trend towards risk reduction (SMD = − 0.245, 95% CI: -0.533 to 0.044; P = 0.096).

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In contrast, interventions demonstrating high adherence (≥ 80%) yielded a smaller effect size that did not reach statistical significance (SMD = − 0.272, 95% CI: −0.723 to 0.179, P = 0.237).

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Conversely, when compared against ‘attention/educational controls’, the effect size favoured the exercise group (SMD = − 0.698, 95% CI: −1.582 to 0.187, P = 0.122) but failed to reach statistical significance.

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Furthermore, exercise demonstrated a highly significant preventive effect on antenatal anxiety, aligning with findings by Gallagher et al. regarding yoga interventions in hospitalised, high-risk pregnant women [ 10 ].

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