Role of nociceptin/orphanin FQ and NOP receptors in the response to acute and repeated restraint stress in rats.

( 18 ) found a clear trend towards a reduction in N/OFQ peptide content in the midbrain following acute psychological stress, and our data suggest that this could be associated with a reduction in N/OFQ gene expression.

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3 b ) did not reach statistical significance.

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There was a strong trend for reduced NOP mRNA in the bed nucleus of acute and repeated restraint groups, although there were no other significant changes seen.

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This may be significant because the CeA is the major output nucleus of the amygdala, a complex critically important for integration of stress and anxiety behaviours, and the CeA is implicated in fear, autonomic and endocrine responses to stress.

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