Programmed cell death-1 deficiency exacerbates T cell activation and atherogenesis despite expansion of regulatory T cells in atherosclerosis-prone mice.

Importantly, a significant increase in the activation of CD4 + T cells was found in the aortic root ( Figure 5f, p = 0.03) and a strong trend towards increased activation was similarly observed in the aorta ( Figure 5k, p = 0.054).

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Although absolute numbers of circulating CD4 + T cells only showed a trend towards increased levels ( Figure 1a, p = 0.09), we observed a 2.3-fold increase in the proportion of activated CD44 hi CD62L − effector/memory cells among CD4 + T cells in blood of Ldlr −/− Pd1 −/− mice ( Figure 1b ).

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Similarly, relative Treg frequencies among CD4 + T cells were increased in the aorta, and showed a clear trend towards increased proportions in the aortic root.

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