Both maternal and pup genotype influence ultrasonic vocalizations and early developmental milestones in tsc2 (+/-) mice.

As with WT mothers, heterozygous pups showed a trend towards a later and smaller peak number of vocalizations than WT littermates, reaching their maximum number of calls at pnd 7, as opposed to WT pups, which reached maximum calls at pnd 5.

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The differences observed between WT and heterozygous pups from WT mothers failed to reach statistical significance at specific time points; however, a repeated measures analysis of variance showed significant difference in number of calls with an overall effect of genotype over the entire multiday testing period [ F (13) = 4.06; P < 0.001].

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These differences however did not reach statistical significance, likely related to baseline low levels of calls in all pups born to heterozygous mothers. 3.4.

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