A Cross-Sectional Study of the Association between Autoantibodies and Qualitative Ultrasound Index of Bone in an Elderly Sample without Clinical Autoimmune Disease.

Similarly, past smokers had an increase in QUS index by 0.13 at borderline significance ( p = 0.050; 95% CI: 0–0.26), whilst current smokers had a significantly decreased QUS index by 0.36 ( p = 0.003; 95% CI: −0.60 to −0.12) compared to “never smokers.” Dietary intake was also positively correlated with QUS index ( r = 0.01; 95% CI: 0.00–0.02; p = 0.034).

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After adjusting for age, the latter association was observed to be approaching significance; however, statistical significance further diminished with the addition of other covariates.

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However, unlike ANA, the remaining autoantibodies did not reach statistical significance, likely due to the lower prevalence of these immune markers in our nondisease population.

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This latter association however failed to reach statistical significance, an observation that is likely to have resulted from the small proportion of our sample that was underweight ( n = 16).

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When compared to normal BMI, being underweight resulted in a QUS index of 0.59 units lower than individuals with a normal BMI (95% CI: −1.52–0.34; p = 0.215); however, this association failed to reach significance.

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