A mechanistic assessment of the relationship between gut morphology and endozoochorous seed dispersal by waterfowl.

Also, the mean ratio of post‐treatment to pretreatment retention times in individuals within diet groups indeed showed a trend with on average 35.6% increased retention times in the plant‐based diet group and 12.6% reduced retention times in the animal‐based diet group (Figure 2 b). 3.2.

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Conversely, in digestive tract sections beyond the gizzard, there was a negative trend between seed size and the proportion of seeds, albeit not significant in any of the organs.

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When focusing on the ratio of retrieval (after/before the diet treatment) between diet groups, a clear trend is visible of increased seed retrieval from mallards on animal‐based diets, and relatively low seed retrieval from mallards on intermediate and plant‐based diets (Figure 2 a).

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