Maternal Risk Factors Associated with Limb Reduction Defects: Data from the Polish Registry of Congenital Malformations (PRCM).

A EUROCAT study that included 25 registries (without Poland) from the years 1980–2012 showed a reasonably consistent prevalence of LRDs across Europe after the exclusion of chromosomal aberrations and multiple-defects, and from 2004, a decreasing trend in prevalence was observed [ 13 ].

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Consistent with this association, we detected a significant trend for increased risk with exposure to anti-inflammatory drugs; exposures to these drugs in the first trimester were associated with 5.5-fold increased risk in our models.

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For example, there was a clear trend for a lower level of education among parents of children with LRDs.

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Interestingly, a strong trend was observed for the lowest paternal education level: paternal primary and basic education was associated with over two-fold increase in the risk of isolated LRDs (OR [95%CI] = 2.57 [1.67, 3.95]) and OR [95%CI] = 2.06 [1.55, 2.74], respectively).

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