Temperature and discharge variations in natural mineral water springs due to climate variability: a case study in the Piedmont Alps (NW Italy).

A negative trend was evaluated for four springs, with a decrease ranging from −0.002 °C/year to −0.034 °C/year.

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An important trend was also identified in the maximum temperature values, with an increase of 2 °C in approximately 60 years.

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In southern Italy, a decreasing trend in annual rainfall, notable after 1980, has been observed, and consequently, a widespread dramatic decrease in groundwater availability has been observed due to the overlapping effects of water demand and climate change (Ducci & Polemio, 2018 ; Polemio & Casarano, 2008 ).

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Moreover, despite the substantial stability of the rainfall amount, 50% of the analysed springs showed a trend (29 and 21% for positive and negative trends, respectively) with low discharge variations.

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The air temperature showed a positive trend almost everywhere, with a rise of up to 0.03 °C/year.

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