Excerpts

A worrying trend is that the high prevalence of childhood obesity in most Pacific Island communities [ 9 , 10 ] has more than doubled [ 11 ].

Regarding feeling too thin, after controlling for BMIm, it was associated with a higher likelihood of reporting refusal only and this was less marked after controlling for all socioeconomic, health-related, and behavioural covariates; feeling too thin was not associated with under-reporting but the association became highly significant after controlling for all covariates.

The “all children” line appears to have an increasing trend despite the stratified lines not having increasing trends.

Interestingly, despite the adjusted analyses did not change the estimates noticeably (education did not explain the geographical differences and vice versa), only children with primary educated mothers showed a significant trend of increasing mean values of BMI and WC from urban to semiurban and to rural area of residence.

showed a trend toward improved smoking cessation rates but was not statistically significant.

For women the greatest reductions in obesity are seen in the lowest income groups and for men the greatest reductions in obesity are in the highest income group, with a positive trend across the income groups (Table 4 ).

Relative socioeconomic inequalities in obesity measured by level of education did not show a clear trend.

A study including 377 shift workers and non-shift workers found a positive relationship between duration of shift work and BMI [ 14 ], and a cross-sectional survey found that longer exposure to shift work was a highly significant predictor of increased BMI [ 15 ].

Table 4 presents the descriptive statistics of the sedentary behaviours used in the cluster analysis for each cluster in the units of hours per week, and the highly significant differences reflect the cluster solution derived from the ordinal transformation of the data, as expected.

The effect of thinking FGC is harmful or not was highly significant in this study.

Women living in the most deprived neighborhoods presented a marginally non-significant increase in the daily consumption of fruits and vegetables and decrease in leisure-time physical activity levels.

Noticeably, we found an almost significant value for this association in our population, which became significant in the model with additional adjustment by Z score.

Increasing frequency of child-reported negative experiences was associated with caregiver indication of child bullying for the items: “Tried to get you into trouble with your friends,” “Made fun of you for some reason,” and “Punched, kicked, or beat you up.” “Hurt you physically in any other way” was marginally insignificant.

In addition, marginal significance was reached for elevated risks for asthma, wheezing symptoms, and phlegm without colds among boys in HPD (adjusted ORs: 1.71-2.82), as well as chronic cough among girls in HPD (OR adj. = 2.03, 95% CI: 0.88-4.70).

In the same model, male employees had a borderline significant decrease in risk of reportable injury compared to females (HR 0.74 (CI 0.55, 1.00, p-value 0.05).

Our study highlights three main risks: i) We observed an increased risk of overall stroke mortality with increasing arsenic concentration in drinking water, with a significant trend test and risks in the range of 1.03-1.75 for the high arsenic groups ii) These risks were particularly marked in women rather than men and iii) These risks were also particularly marked for outcomes coded as sequelae of stroke, with increased risks, e.g. 1.64 (95% CI: 1.08-2.53) even at arsenic concentrations of 10-50 μg/L which are within the WHO permissible limit.

In addition, mean differences for these analyses were considered borderline significant if p-value was between .01 and .05.

In a study from China, a slightly increasing trend of metabolic parameter levels was found at the 75 th percentile of BMI and a significant increase was found when BMI ≥ 85 th percentile [ 29 ].

Associations between frequency of past poisoning and high symptom reporting There were marginally significant associations between high poisoning and: (i) washing spraying equipment close to water sources (PRR Close/Other = 1.2; 95% CI = 0.9, 1.6); and (ii) unsafe pesticide disposal practices (PRR Unsafe/Safe = 1.4; 95% CI = 0.9-2.4).

No greater effects were found among those who attended more sessions (compared to controls) versus those attending fewer (versus controls) except for physical IPV, which is borderline significant among men attending fewer than 13 sessions (Table 4 ).

c) The medication history and menstrual history of participants might be significant confounding factors, but they were absent in our database. d) Hematological parameter categories were based on a single assessment of blood, which may cause a misclassification bias.

COPD patients with other comorbidities, such as hypertension, arthritis, heart disease, or cancer had a significantly higher risk of depression, whereas those with diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease were at borderline significance.

There was also an increasing trend in mild and moderate depression among both boys and girls whose parents had low education and had unemployed during past year (Tables 5 and 6 ).

As presented in Table 3 , there was a decreasing trend in the number of children who met the guidelines with increasing maternal and paternal education attainment.

The multivariate model for high risk of depression showed a marginally non-significant association between poor household infrastructure function and this outcome (OR 2.23, CI 0.98-5.07).