Excerpts

In contrast with the increasing problem of overnutrition, undernutrition showed a decreasing trend.

For all countries, but men of the Greek and Danish cohorts there was a clear trend between level of education and BMI; however, in all countries, BMI was significantly lower for all three higher education categories compared with the lowest education level (data not shown).

The results showed an increasing trend in rates for lung cancers in men.

In this study, the difference between male and female only reached borderline significance for control subjects.

Our results show an increasing trend of smoking rates and decreasing rates of smoking cessation even for moderate levels of psychological distress, consistent with the idea that mental disorders of mild and moderate severity are significant risk factors for smoking and inhibitors of smoking cessation [ 13 ].

Generally, a decreasing trend on PMMR in China was detected with the PMMR during the 1996-2000 period, which was higher than that during the 2001-2005 period.

There is epidemiological evidence from Western countries that show an increasing trend of obesity in men [ 25 ], and the same trend may now be emerging in developing countries as well.

Nevertheless, opportunistic screening remained less costly with a statistically highly significant difference in mean cost between delivery models.

By the age of 24 months, the cumulative risk of HIV infection among infants who received short antiretroviral prophylactic regimens and were uninfected at 1.5 months was 9.7% [ 17 ] This suggests that even with the proper application of sd-NVP there was likely to be significant continued vertical HIV transmission throughout the breast feeding period among our study population (unless the mother was taking HAART).

The prevalence of sedentary lifestyle was not different between men and women, but showed a small trend to higher frequencies in women (Table 4 ).

In 1990 and 2000, two national surveys were conducted and showed that the prevalence of asthma among children 0-14 years old was 1% and 1.97% [ 4 ], respectively, suggesting an increasing trend of asthma.

Logistic regression models (Table 2 ) show that compared to never smokers, the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of reporting high to very high levels of psychological distress was significantly greater for current smokers (model 4: OR: 1.45; 95% CI: 1.24-1.69); and marginally significant for ex-smokers (aOR: 1.18; 95% CI: 1.00-1.39).

Low income, which was associated with exposure to both types of domestic violence, was close to the level of significance, as was living in an intimate partnership, which reduced the risk of psychological violence and physically violent behaviour.

During the study period, the mortality rates for most cause-specific injuries showed a decreasing trend, while the mortality rate for RTI increased from 1.35 per 100,000 in 1984 to 4.63 per 100,000 in 2008.

Results for the scale scores of home life and financial pressure and the ASQ summary score were borderline significant.

An increasing trend in prevalence of overweight with age was observed in previous studies and it was significantly more pronounced in the present study [Figure 4 (b) ].

A final limitation of this study is that the significantly diminished sample sizes of the GLF at the regional level mean that there may be significant error in its estimates.

At 6 months, a statistically significant beneficial intervention effect was found for snack and fruit intake, and a borderline significant effect was found for alcohol.

In participants with diabetes, those with middle or low functioning had a borderline significant longer duration of diabetes.

The results showed that after adjusting for all covariates, the HR of Q2, Q3 and Q4 showed an increasing trend compared with Q1, but all P values were > 0.05, suggesting no significant risk differences were observed.

A marginally significant moderation effect also suggested that anxious attachment orientation may influence this relationship.

As summarized in Table 4 , prior history of hypertension ( p = 0.009), as well as region (urban versus rural, p = 0.000), showed highly significant associations with referral outcome (i.e. clinic attendance).

In conclusion, our systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrates that scoliosis in children and adolescents remains highly prevalent globally, with evidence of an increasing trend since 2000 year.

Questions remain about whether this benefit could also be observed in Hong Kong, where adult smoking prevalence was among the lowest globally (9.9% in 2023), yet secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure at home remains disproportionally high among adolescents at 29.8% [ 32 ] and has shown an increasing trend in recent years [ 33 ].

In contrast, Shanghai consistently had the lowest prevalence, showing a decreasing trend over the study period.