Excerpts

Indeed, there was an increasing trend in pack-years smoked among women who had stopped smoking between 1993 and 2003.

Strong positive associations were detected between education and the relative odds of the outcome occurring, as evidenced by highly significant odds ratios for both primary and secondary education categories for all models.

One study in a primary care setting has shown a significant trend of association with mortality across the CTVB classification [ 9 ], and the ALSPAC study showed significant trends in several measures of breast feeding rates with CTVBs [ 5 ].

We found a clear trend of association between CTVBs and each of the lifestyle and health outcomes that we investigated.

Of borderline significance was increased sexual activity, measured as number of sexual partners in the last 6 months (OR [95%CI]: 1.82 [0.99, 3.32] increase per sexual partner).

Travel to another country was significantly associated with cryptosporidiosis in the analysis using all controls (OR [95% CI]: 20.9 [1.55, 279]) and borderline significant for the subset with neighborhood controls (OR [95% CI]: 12.3 [0.93, 162]).

Outbreak data provides the most complete epidemiological information on Noroviruses, although the reporting time lag of this system is too long to discern a clear trend yet for 2002.

The suicide rates among Lithuanian men increased from 1986 until 1995, then a decreasing trend ensued.

Among men, gays were significantly more likely than heterosexuals to be current smokers (OR 2.40, 95% CI 1.75, 3.30), with borderline significant increased risk for heavy drinking (OR 1.54, 95% CI 0.96, 2.45).

This determinant significantly increased at the short-term and borderline significant at long-term.

Injection drug use in the other cities (OR: 1.69, P = 0.089) and sometimes sharing injection equipments with others (OR: 1.91, P = 0.082) were also associated with HIV serostatus with borderline significance.

Three daily smoking trend groups are identified: countries with a declining or stagnating trend, countries with an increasing trend followed by a decreasing trend, and countries with an increasing trend.

In all of the 3 subcategories examined, the annual number of published articles worldwide showed an increasing trend, a phenomenon that was more pronounced in the "Public Health" subcategory (Table 3 ), probably due to the gradual increase in the number of journals of the ISI category throughout the study period.

For all living conditions in East Germany, we observed highly significant time trends: The number of single children and those living near a busy road increased over time, the latter peaking in the mid-nineties.

There was a weak trend towards older decedents being less likely to overdose on cocaine and opiates.

These two influencing policies have resulted in an increasing trend in the number of tuberculosis patients treated by institutions other than tuberculosis sanatoria.

Similarly, according to the regular survey data undertaken by the Tobacco and Wine Monopoly Bureau, the smoking and alcohol consumption rates of adult women were relatively low in the early-1970s; there has, however, been an increasing trend over the last three decades for alcohol but not for smoking, as illustrated in Figure 1 [ 45 , 46 ].

Of the five studies reporting fully adjusted analyses that showed non-significant results, four showed a trend towards an inverse association.

The differences were not statistically significant on the individual level but highly significant differences were noted between risk areas.

Remodelling the complete dataset with gender interactions terms showed that the interaction with unemployment was significant (OR = 1.82; 95%CI = 1.03–3.20); and that the interaction with social cohesion was marginally significant (OR = 1.07; 95%CI = 1.00–1.14).

Comparatively low RR in the context of infectious diseases, as well as borderline significant p values need to be evaluated in view of the imprecise exposure assessment.

The only meals or food items that were consistently statistically significant or close to significance were the light meals for lunch and the afternoon cake on 5, 6 and 7 August, respectively (table 2 ).

A naturalistic cohort study of 10,000 users of the programme demonstrated a clinically highly significant reduction in alcohol-related harm amongst those who completed the 6 – week programme, with between one-third and one-half decrease (improvement) in scores on measures of alcohol dependence (Short Alcohol Dependency Data [ 23 ]), alcohol related harm (Alcohol Problems Questionnaire [ 24 ]) and mental health (Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation – Outcome Measure [ 25 ]).

An increasing trend of mortality due to neoplasms throughout the period 1967–1996 has been recently reported in Greece [ 11 ] while the overall number of cancer deaths observed in the European Union recently has reduced by 10% [ 20 ].

In China, a decreasing trend in youth suicide was found in 1991–2000 [ 9 ] and pesticide poisoning was very common in China's rural areas [ 10 ].