Excerpts

As in sunlight exposed berries, a highly significant correlation was observed between the expression of genes coding phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, 4-coumarate: CoA ligase, flavanone 3-hydroxylase and flavonol synthase family members and corresponding metabolite accumulation in the phenolic biosynthesis pathway, which may positively or negatively be regulated by MYB, bHLH, WRKY, AP2/EREBP, C2C2, NAC, and C2H2 transcription factors (TFs).

These populations with a wider genetic base may be significant to adapt future scenarios and used as source material for germplasm banks and/or nurseries (Poudel et al., 2014 ).

During the severe expression state, an overall trend of downregulation of sRNA biogenesis genes was observed, except a few genes that were slightly upregulated.

Genotype × environment interaction for both micronutrients (iron and zinc) was highly significant.

Of particular interest, there is a highly significant association between latitude and phenology for P. coccineus ( Rodriguez et al., 2013 ).

Nonetheless, the highly significant correlations with temperature for the latewood sectors suggest that the remaining third of variability still permits a significant climatic imprint.

Variance analyses showed that genotype ( P < 0.0001) and incubation time ( P < 0.0001) and their interaction had very highly significant effects on the expression of PR-1 , PR-4 , PR-5 , and AOC.

However, there is the quite significant difference of stomata conductance under the condition which transits from dark to light.

Except for the gene GTP , F ST values for cpDNA and the other two nuclear genes ranged from 0.286 to 0.998 ( Table 1 ), indicating highly significant genetic differentiation among C. segmentifida populations.

In conclusion, in the present study, we identified 42 SNP markers highly significant associated with salt-tolerance traits.

They showed a highly significant difference between the control and the salt treatment in the leaves and roots ( Table 1 ).

In case of phosphorylated metabolites there was an increasing trend in the concentration of fructose-6- phosphate, glucose-6-phosphate and myo-inositol-phosphate to 3.9-, 3.3-, and 1.9-folds, respectively.

After an initial fluctuating trend, in both cases the activity of UFGT showed an increasing trend from 10 days after veraison to harvest in HT and LT berries ( Figure 7B and Supplementary Figure 5 ) and a strong and significant reduction of UFGT activity was observed in HT compared to LT from 20 days after veraison to harvest.

Expression pattern “C” showed a trend of down to up regulation.

An interesting trend was observed after clustering of differentially expressed lncRNAs (Figure 5A ).

Linear regressions of OM and the thermal intervals from all tissues across latitudes revealed that increased % OM content had a strong, highly significant positive relationship with higher latitudes (Adj.

There were marginally significant differences between temperate and tropical MMM predictions [ Pseudo-F (1, 15) = 3.03, P-perm = 0.052; Table 3 ], primarily due to higher carbohydrate content in the tropical samples and more protein in the temperate samples.

However, the data showed an increasing trend in both SOC and total N contents with NT soybean–maize rotation and intercropping compared with CT plots.

Quantitative image analysis showed a highly significant increase in H3K9me2 signal during pollen development, with low signal intensity in vacuolated microspore nuclei (1.27 ± 0.44 fluorescence arbitrary units) and much higher signal in sperm nuclei of tricellular pollen (21.40 ± 2.05 fluorescence a.u.) ( Figure 5A ).

The following were the observational results: First, a sharp increase occurred after the IM stage; a peaking occurred at the MG stage; and then a decreasing trend was observed.

The activity of these two enzymes shows an increasing trend with increased N applications within a certain range, thus, they enhance the accumulation of photoproduct and transshipment; however, the activity of SPS decreases when the N is excessively applied, which can explain observed decreases in the number of kernel per ear and TKW ( Shen et al., 2007 ; Li et al., 2012 ), leading to low GY ( Table 1 and Supplementary Figure S1 ).

An increasing trend on glycosidically bound monoterpenes was observed in both varieties during berry development of two vintages.

The major genomic regions underlying QTL-seq derived DTF QTLs were ascertained by Δ (SNP-index) which is altogether different from 0 at a 99% significance level and thereby, considered to be highly significant QTLs governing flowering time in chickpea.

The expression of these genes in the RIT of ‘Royalty’ showed a slight decrease and then increased with rust development, whereas their expression levels followed an increasing trend in ‘Flame.’ The expression of McNCED, McACS , and McLOX in the NIT and CK showed a significant increase with the expansion of spots in the two cultivars.

Given the limited replication of the experiment, small sample sizes and short period of experimental time, we highlight p < 0.05 as statistically significant and 0.05 < p < 0.10 as marginally significant.