Excerpts

Correlation analysis As shown in Figure 6 , cotton yield exhibited highly significant positive correlations with the maximum quantum efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm), net photosynthetic rate (Pn), and stomatal conductance (Gs).

For Ci, monocropping treatments showed an increasing trend with planting density, particularly in 2025.

As planting density increased, sucrose accumulation in the third internode of the stalk base showed an increasing trend, with extremely significant differences ( Figure 1E ).

The expression level of the SPS1 was elevated with advancing growth stages at density D2, while SPS2 exhibited the opposite expression pattern; IVR1 and IVR2 showed little change in expression levels at different densities as the growth stage progressed in M1, but expression levels were elevated as the growth stage progressed at density D2 in M2; and BAM1 and Sh2 showed a decreasing trend in expression levels as the growth stage progressed and the stalk gradually aged.

Mean performance of genotypes under stripe rust epiphytotic and disease-controlled condition The physiological traits (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), chlorophyll content, canopy temperature, flag leaf area) as effected under artificial epiphytotic disease condition compared with disease-controlled condition showed a general trend of decline for NDVI, chlorophyll content, flag leaf area, TGW and yield, while canopy temperature and AUDPC exhibited an increasing trend with disease progression.

Results Analysis of variance and components of genetic variation The results of the analysis of variance ( Tables 6 , 7 ) for 21 wheat genotypes, comprising 13 advanced breeding lines and 8 parental genotypes, revealed highly significant mean sum of squares (MSS) for treatments under both artificial epiphytotic and disease-controlled conditions for all traits, except canopy temperature before disease onset, which was significant at the 5% level.

Under moderate and intense drought treatments, from the 1970s to the 2010s, the above-ground biomass at silking stage showed a decreasing trend, though not at a statistically significant level ( Figure 4 ).

On 1 Jul, the net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance of W2F2 treatment were the largest, and the net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance of each period showed a trend of increasing first and then decreasing, and the intercellular carbon dioxide concentration showed a trend of decreasing first and then increasing.

The interaction between water and fertilizer had a highly significant effect on soluble protein, soluble sugar, soluble solids, and the solid-acid ratio of Cerasus humilis , but had no significant effect on titratable acid and vitamin C ( p < 0.05). 3.5.

The CNN model ( Figure 8b ) has an overall trend similar to CNN-GRU, but its Moran’s I and SSIM are significantly lower than those of the CNN-GRU model, and there are slight ßalt-and-pepper” noise artifacts in some localized areas, making the spatial smoothness slightly weaker.

Furthermore, after 21 days of phosphorus stress treatment, two-way ANOVA confirmed highly significant main effects of phosphorus and cultivar on shoot dry weight, with no significant interaction ( Supplementary Table 3 ).

Combined analysis of variance revealed highly significant genotypic effects for all agronomic traits, while genotype × environment interaction effects were non-significant for all traits, indicating stable genotype rankings across years.

The results show that the nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents, as well as dry matter accumulation in tobacco plants, exhibit significant or highly significant positive correlations with SOM, TN, AN, AP, and AK.

NPFP exhibited an increasing trend with an increase in planting density and a decrease in N rate ( Figure 2 ).

In recent years, with the continuous expansion of protected tomato cultivation area, the intensification of continuous cropping obstacles, and the frequent cross-regional circulation of seedlings, the occurrence of tomato viral diseases has shown an increasing trend year by year, among which tomato yellow leaf curl virus disease is one of the most serious viral diseases ( Wang et al., 2025a ).TYLCV belongs to the genus Begomovirus in the family Geminiviridae, mainly transmitted by whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci) in a persistent manner.

Soil nitrogen fractions The TN and PON contents in 0–30 cm soil layer under different tillage methods showed a decreasing trend from jointing stage to maturity stage ( Figures 8A, B ).

3.1.3 Soil respiration rate The soil respiration rate under different treatments showed a trend of ‘first increasing and then decreasing’ throughout the maize reproductive period ( Figure 5 ).

Although the high level of nitrogen fertilizer N3 (450 kg·hm -2 ) helped to increase the soil respiration rate, the increase in respiration rate of N2(300 kg·hm -2 ) and N3(450 kg·hm -2 ) treatments stabilised in 2023 and there was a decreasing trend in soil respiration rate under N3(450 kg·hm -2 ) treatment ( Figure 7c ). 3.2 Soil chemical properties 3.2.1 Organic carbon and N content Aerated irrigation combined with nitrogen fertilizer application significantly increased the soil organic carbon content in the tillage layer (0–40 cm), and this effect became more pronounced with the number of treatment years and the nitrogen application rate ( Figure 8a ).

Both WUE (WUE) and agronomic nitrogen use efficiency (AEN) showed an increasing trend followed by a decline as N input increased, while nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) declined with higher N rates, indicating diminishing returns and potential N losses at excessive application levels.

In the tree layer, none of the diversity indices showed significant linear or unimodal relationships with elevation (P > 0.05), although the Margalef index exhibited a decreasing trend.

There was a highly significant correlation between the two genes with upregulated transcript levels and five proteins with increased expression identified in this pathway, and the elucidation and analysis of this regulatory pathway are of great significance for exploring the molecular mechanisms underlying sugarcane internode development and maturation.

Yield had highly significant positive correlations with stem diameter ( r = 0.471), main-stem node number ( r = 0.482), root nodule number ( r = 0.625), nodule dry weight ( r = 0.806), and root nutrient accumulation ( r = 0.776, 0.823, and 0.881).

LHCII (LOC123210272) was upregulated at all time periods except TW8 and GW8, and its expression level showed a decreasing trend over time.

3.2 Correlations among yield-related traits In the phenotypic correlation analysis, correlation coefficients for the same trait across different years or locations were predominantly positive and highly significant, indicating strong cross-environment repeatability in genetic expression.

The highly significant genotypic variance observed for most traits targeted in this study, along with the relatively high heritability estimates ( Table 2 ), indicate that genetic differences among genotypes had a substantial contribution to the observed variation, implying good prospects for selection.