Excerpts

As illustrated, all samples showed a decreasing trend in cumulative intrusion with the curing age, regardless of the DG content.

Specifically, as shown in Figure 12 , specimens such as the plain sample, CFDG05, and CFDG10 showed a clear trend in which larger pores decreased while finer pores increased over time.

EDS analysis indicates a decreasing trend in C and W element contents across the light, dark, and gray phases, respectively, while Co element content exhibits an increasing trend.

Introduction Most machine elements used in demanding fields, like the aerospace, automotive, or heavy machinery industries, are subjected to intense static and dynamic loads, leading to possibly significant, locally concentrated stresses.

The AGS exhibits a decreasing trend with increasing rolling reduction.

A notable trend is the use of modern panoramic four-pane inserts, which enhance chimney system efficiency and improve thermal insulation.

The FFT patterns in Figure 7 F,H indicate that there may be significant deviations from equilibrium interplanar distances typical of BCC titanium crystals.

The research results show that along the direction of the armature launch, the rail surface wear transitions from mechanical wear to electrical wear, the fluctuation range of the 2D profile becomes smoother, and the roughness of the rail surface shows a decreasing trend.

The friction curve shows an increasing trend in the first 15 min and then remains stable.

Across all conditions, the Tsai–Wu strength failure values for the CFRP, G/C/G, C/G/C, and GFRP stacking configurations showed an increasing trend with a higher GFRP content, indicating that introducing GFRP led to a deterioration in structural performance.

Electrical characterization showed that the integration of PPy imparted conductivity to the hydrogels, with a clear trend of increasing conductivity with increasing PPy content ( Figure 9 ).

A clear trend of the median CoF value for the considered cases can also be observed, which can be described by a rational function.

As the oxygen content increases, the peak intensity shows an increasing trend, with the potential gradually shifting towards the positive direction.

The hardness values exhibited an increasing trend according to increasing milling time.

The MOR values showed an increasing trend with an increasing RCM content in the mixture.

The results show a decreasing trend in both parameters as the RCM content in the formulation increased.

The results, presented in Figure 6 , indicate that both surface energy and grain boundary separation energy exhibit a decreasing trend with increasing temperature in the range from room temperature to 750 °C.

As the corrosion period extends, the thickness of the corrosion product layer on the specimen surface shows an increasing trend, and the initially smooth substrate surface gradually evolves into localized pitting morphology.

With the increase in shot peening time, the surface hardness of the 7075 aluminium alloy showed a trend of increasing and then decreasing, but the hardness did not increase continuously with the increase in shot peening time [ 32 ], indicating that the shot peening time has a limited effect on the thickness of the hardened layer.

The current exhibits a decreasing trend for all thicknesses, indicating relaxation behavior.

After applying the CRITIC method, the minimum critical load factor for each stage, across all construction stages (I to VI), consistently showed a decreasing trend following adjustment by the CRITIC method.

For the rest of the coating materials, the interfacial pull-off bond strength between the coating materials and the concrete showed a trend of increasing and then decreasing with the increase in the coating thickness at the age of 90 d.

The fatigue life demonstrated an increasing trend with a decreasing maximum stress amplitude.

From the curve, it can be seen that as the notch radius increases, the tensile strength of all three materials shows a decreasing trend.

The magnetic field configurations in arc ion plating have evolved from traditional single-field structures to advanced multi-coupling systems, demonstrating a clear trend toward dynamic regulation and composite design.