22 , 23 Despite a high fold increase compared to controls, the differences did not reach statistical significance, likely due to the unequal sample sizes of control and loaded groups and the sample variability.
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Multiaxial rotational loading compromises the transition zone of the intervertebral disc: Ex vivo study using next-generation bioreactors.
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A notable trend toward collagen type II loss was also observed in the inner AF of this group (Figure 3c ).
Despite a similar trend of GAG loss from tissue, total GAG release into the medium diverged for these two groups on loading days 7 and 14, indicating a positive accumulation for the torsion‐free group and a negative trend for the group that includes torsion.
In the central NP, both the low‐angle extension/bending/torsion and high‐angle extension/bending groups showed a trend toward reduced collagen type I, while levels in the high‐angle extension/bending/torsion group remained on average similar to controls, likely due to high inter‐sample variability. 3.3 GAG and interleukin‐6 release in the medium The daily release of GAG into the medium following loading and swelling was consistent across all loaded groups (Figure 4a ).
Similarly, the high‐angle extension/bending group showed a strong trend toward GAG reduction in the inner AF, comparable to the levels in the significantly affected group.
This divergence aligned with the overall trends in slope changes observed for these groups, beginning on day 5, where the former exhibited a decreasing trend and the latter an increasing trend.