Factors associated with early swelling after total knee arthroplasty and poor venous return : the impact of quadriceps strength, activity and preoperative anticoagulation.

Walking time showed a trend toward greater calf swelling (B = 0.073, P = 0.050), while standing time showed a trend toward less calf swelling (B = − 0.074, P = 0.059).

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Patients with a history of long-term anticoagulant use had significantly lower swelling at the patella ( P = 0.016) and 10 cm above the patella ( P = 0.042) compared to those without anticoagulant use, with the difference at 5 cm above the patella approaching significance ( P = 0.052).

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Univariate analysis revealed significant differences in swelling at the 5 cm above patella site among the four strength change patterns (Kruskal-Wallis H = 11.780, P = 0.008), with borderline significance at the 10 cm above patella site (H = 7.525, P = 0.057).

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Patients with a history of cardiovascular disease showed a trend toward greater swelling at the calf ( P = 0.086) and ankle ( P = 0.087) compared to those without, though these differences did not reach statistical significance.

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Walking time may be associated with swelling at the 10 cm above patella site, while the associations between history of cardiovascular disease and swelling at the calf and ankle approached significance.

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