Prenatal exposure to cigarette smoke or alcohol and cerebellum volume in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and typical development.

In the analysis for the groups matched by BW, all main effects were no longer significant, with only total cerebellum volume approaching significance ( P =0.057) ( Table 2 ).

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A similar reduction fell short of significance for controls who had been exposed to cigarettes, but not alcohol.

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Cigarette exposure Although the rate of first-degree psychiatric morbidity was numerically elevated in first-degree relatives of subjects with ADHD who had been exposed to cigarettes compared with those who had not, this difference failed to reach statistical significance ( Table 1 ).

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Controls who had been exposed showed a trend toward smaller cerebellar WM volume than unexposed controls, but this result fell short of significance ( P =0.057, Table 3 , top panel).

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For alcohol exposure, none of the main effects found for groups matched for SES met significance, although a suggestive trend for cerebellum volume remained.

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