Cerebrospinal fluid cytokine levels are associated with macrophage infiltration into tumor tissues of glioma patients.

Concerning the difference in immune cell infiltration between the infiltration zone and tumor core, we found a tendency towards higher absolute macrophage infiltration (CD68 + as well as CD163 + ) for the tumor core which did not reach statistical significance on a p < 0.01 level ( p = 0.017 for CD68 + and p = 0.012 for CD163 + , Fig. 2 B/C).

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The increased percentage of CD68 + cells in the perivascular area in contrast to the tumor core failed to reach statistical significance ( p = 0.022).

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Among the analyzed cytokines, IL-7 was significantly downregulated in HGG compared to controls whereas IL-2, IL-6 and VEGF showed a trend towards increased levels in the CSF of GBM patients compared to cytokine concentrations in age- and gender-matched controls.

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Concerning the respective concentration changes in the CSF, a clear trend towards elevated CSF levels was observed for IL-2 and VEGF as described above, and slightly elevated levels were detectable for IL-1β, IL10 and IL13 whereas no changes were observed for the remaining cytokines (Fig. 2 C, Suppl.

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In general, there was no different effect of BBB disruption on the cytokine concentrations, but almost all correlations failed to reach significance in these subgroups.

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