β-hydroxybutyrate reduces blastocyst viability via trophectoderm-mediated metabolic aberrations in mice.

The combined (all fetus) data indicated placental diameter ( P < 0.05) and fetal crown-rump (C-R) length ( P < 0.01) were significantly smaller in embryos cultured with βOHB, and there was an apparent trend for reduced fetal limb morphological grade by βOHB compared with controls ( P = 0.075).

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S1 ) reduced βOHB uptake at all developmental stages, reaching significance at the 2-cell ( P < 0.05), compacting/morula stages ( P < 0.05), and Day 5 blastocyst stage ( P < 0.05), approaching significance at the Day 4 blastocyst ( P = 0.076), but not at the 2PN stage ( P = 0.159; Fig. 4A ).

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A reduced TE number in 0.1 mM βOHB treated embryos ( P = 0.06) compared with controls was also observed but failed to reach statistical significance ( Fig. 1B ).

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A similar duration-dependent reduction in glucose consumption was observed upon 0.25 mM βOHB exposure, however, this did not reach statistical significance ( Fig. 3A ).

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Increasing exposure duration to KD levels of βOHB (2 mM) induced a negative trend in glucose consumption compared with controls, which reached statistical significance at 101 h ( P < 0.01; Fig. 3A ).

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