Excerpts

There is clear and growing evidence linking the indiscriminate use of antibiotics within small- and large-scale agriculture to the development of antibiotic resistant microbes [ 67 – 69 ], and there is an increasing trend in the use of antibiotics for growth promotion and prophylaxis in commercial agriculture across LMICs.

In adolescents, adults, and the elderly, there was a decreasing trend in absolute inequality between 1998 and 2008 with an increase in 2013.

It is plausible to hypothesize that there is an expected trend of reduction in the outcome as age increases because a longer lifetime increases the probability of having access to at least one dentist appointment in one’s lifetime.

(Additional File 2 - Supplemental Figure1). The target behavior trajectory changes showed a positive trend, though not statistically significant.

There was a slight trend towards wave 1 respondents being more highly educated than those in wave 2 and 3.

There was also an increasing trend in the prevalence of clinical morbidities such as hypertension, atrial fibrillation, chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes, with increasing severity of obesity, such that individuals in the overweight-stable trajectory group had the lowest prevalence whereas those in obese class 3-stable trajectory group had the highest prevalence of comorbidities at baseline.

Family relationships Quality of the relationships, neglect, maltreatment and violence None of the variables in this subgroup reached significance after Bonferroni’s corrections – some of them reached only a nominally significant difference, considering the average age of onset of crack-cocaine use between groups.

Notwithstanding the decrease of R 0 t , there was an increasing trend on February 9 which corresponded to the time when migrants returned to study or work.

The publishing date of the studies displays a clear trend.

Both excess weight and depressive symptoms are more prevalent in people with higher socioeconomic income, found in the 4th quartile, while high blood pressure and diabetes are more prevalent among individuals of lower socioeconomic levels, with the highest being those in the 1st quartile. When observing the relationship between the four factors being studied and academic level reported by the surveyed Mexican population, a decreasing trend becomes evident for three of the factors (i.e. diabetes, high blood pressure and depressive symptoms), Fig. 4 , from lower to higher level of studies.

At the same time, the incidence of AIDS transmitted by homosexual and heterosexual routes in the immigrants also showed an increasing trend.

Also, adjusted UVB estimate was statistically significant in the age group of 45–60 years, whereas modeled 25(OH) D was only marginally significant although both the covariates retained statistical significance in age groups above 60 years.

Normal weight prevailed in all the considered classes, showing an increasing trend with age.

The models explain 16% of the variance in the 1st class, 39% in the 2nd class and 52% in the 3rd class; all models have highly significant R 2 .

Having a flush toilet in the house (as compared to in the yard) and inadequate handwashing were also associated with diarrhoea (although only marginally significant).

3 ), PR has a significant negative predictive effect on SPB for individuals with high HSE (M + 1SD) ( bsimple = − 0.51, t = − 14.65, P < 0.001); while for individuals with low HSE (M-1SD), PR also has a negative predictive effect on SPB, but its predictive effect is smaller ( bsimple = − 0.10, t = − 2.22, P < 0.05), which indicates that the predictive effect of PR on SPB tends to increase gradually with the enhancement of HSE. In addition, at the three levels of HSE, PR’s mediating effect on the relationship between SU and SPB also shows an increasing trend (see Table 8 ); that is, with the increase of individual HSE, SU is more likely to induce SPB by reducing public PR.

The effect of hospital bed capacity on time to death from hospital without ICU is marginally significant, but with only a small effect resulting in only a day’s difference between small and large hospitals.

There was a positive trend in the association between schooling and odds of TB cure, especially in the case of secondary schooling, with 1.72 odds of cure (95% CI 1.30–2.29) compared to illiterate individuals.

In turn, the quality of the parent–child relationship was almost significantly associated with children’s unhealthy eating behaviors.

Figure 3 shows an increasing trend in the number of cases of pulmonary NTM in FL (R 2 = 0.87).

Another Cochrane review published in 2016 found that legislative smoking bans clearly lead to a reduction in exposure to SHS, strong evidence from the included studies supports a decline in admissions for acute coronary syndrome and a weak trend for a decrease in active smoking [ 30 ].

Moreover, evidence shows a decreasing trend in active smokers over years following smoking bans.

Comparing data between 2017 and 2019, there was an increasing trend of people who gave correct answers equal to and more than two score points.

In a study conducted in Hubei Province, China, the results of the spatial pattern of the Moran coefficient showed spatial clusters with an increasing trend and a sudden change, revealing that the high concentration of population caused the outbreak of the Corona-virus in the province [ 23 ].

However, there appeared to be a possible trend of widening differences between groups over time (Fig. 2 A).