Excerpts

In recent years, with the growing public awareness of air pollution and the continuous improvement of environmental protection laws, various air pollutants have exhibited a decreasing trend annually [ 26 , 27 ].

This method is particularly useful in disentangling the contributions of multiple factors to an observed trend, making it ideal for analyzing the complex interactions between air pollution, aging, and population growth in relation to ischemic stroke burden.

Among males, the ASIR and ASDR initially declined until 2015, followed by a rising trend between 2015 and 2019 and then a decreasing trend after 2019, with respective AAPCs of -0.50 (95% CI : -0.53;-0.46) and - 0.50 (95% CI : -0.54;-0.46).

After the pandemic-related restrictions eased, there has been an increasing trend in Italians practising physical activities in indoor facilities and gyms.

A previous survey conducted in China demonstrated that the prevalence of childhood asthma increased significantly from 3.8% in 2015-2016 to 6.5% in 2017-2018, with an increasing trend year by year [ 6 ].

A decreasing trend in wealth, education and regional inequalities were observed over the years.

Conversely, the self-harm incidence was more common in females, and showing an increasing trend for both sexes.

Concerning malaria, the country reported an increasing trend since 2015, with over 10 million cases (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 7 172 000—14 230 000) and 22 291 deaths (95% CI: 13 900- 37 800) in 2021 [ 4 , 5 ].

Meta-analysis of quantitative findings Meta-analyses were carried out to determine an overall trend and conducted when the same risk factor was reported in three or more studies.

In Vietnam, an increasing trend of e-cigarette use has been observed.

For cold spots, the distribution of centers of gravity was dispersed, and their directional changes were obvious: the centers of gravity of the incidence and mortality in males showed a trend of change in the northwest-southeast direction, whereas the centers of gravity of the incidence in females first moved in the southeast-northwest direction and then in the northwest-southeast direction.

Although only a marginally significant effect modification by maternal BMI at early stage of pregnancy was observed, the protective effect of NDVI-500 m against GDM seems to be stronger in overweight/obese women (aOR = 0.84, 95%CI: 0.76, 0.93) compared to women of normal weight (aOR = 0.94, 95%CI: 0.87, 1.02).

The Joinpoint regression model identifies multiple"joinpoints"in time-series data, representing significant changes in trends, such as a shift from an increasing trend to a decreasing trend or vice versa.

Although we observed a negative trend later on, it was significant only in 10% of regions (South West).

There was an increasing trend in the number of girls vaccinated compared with that in the previous years following boys’ vaccination in January 2023 (Fig. 3 ).

One key question is if and how socioeconomic groups differ in LTSA prevalence based on mental disorders, and to what extent there is an increasing trend in different groups.

Nutrition There was a significant decrease in severe wasting (WHO weight for height z-score < -3 for under five children) at the onset of COVID-19 and a slightly significant slope change for the pre-and COVID-19 periods (Fig. 5 ).

Body Mass Index-categories (BMI) were significantly connected to breakfast skipping, showing a pronounced trend of less frequent breakfast skipping among underweight individuals (aOR = 0.44, 95% CI: 0.2–0.98).

Country-Level traffic accident trends: analysis using growth mixture models When considering all road types, the number of traffic accident victims showed a decreasing trend until 2017.

However, since 2018, an increasing trend has been observed, as estimated by the cubic model.

The quadratic term’s highly significant p -value highlights the importance of this non-linear pattern.

This reduction likely results from enhanced public health initiatives, increased awareness of tobacco’s health risks, and stricter regulations, reflecting a positive trend in reducing tobacco consumption.

In Iran, the prevalence of depression has shown an increasing trend, with rural populations facing unique challenges in access to mental health care.

The finding that MDD among children aged 6–23 months increased between 2013 and 2019 indicates a positive trend.

This value indicates the annual increase or decrease, with negative values ​​indicating a decreasing trend and positive values indicating an increasing trend [ 26 , 27 ].