Excerpts

The difference between urban and rural areas was highly significant [48% (213/444) vs. 61% (268/440)] ( p value < 0.001 ).

The correlation between the registered under five mortality rates in 1996–2000 and indirect under five mortality rate estimates from the 2000 DHS was equal to 0.90 and highly significant (p < 0.001) [ 11 ].

Between 2022 and 2023, both genders also showed highly significant increases ( P < 0.001) in weight, BMI, vital capacity, and pull-ups/sit-ups.

The highly significant main effect of congruence confirmed this pattern, F (1, 46) = 18.93, MSE = 8,207.19, p < .001, partial η 2 = 0.29.

Those admitted to hospitals with 7084 or less acute patients per year had higher odds of both 30-day and 365-day mortality than those admitted to hospitals with higher numbers of acute admissions per year and there was a significant trend across groups (P < 0.001 for both 30-day and 365-day models).

Results Results of dengue indices showed that the settlements around gasoline stations/workshops, in the vicinity of marsh/swamp and rice paddy appeared to be favorable habitat for dengue vector propagation at highly significant and positive correlation (p = 0.001) in the month of May.

The results revealed highly significant differences in the scores for PF knowledge, exercise enjoyment, and teamwork competencies ( P < 0.001).Additionally,a significant difference was observed in the scores for health-related fitness indicators level scores ( P < 0.05).

Pooled analysis showed that social media-based health promotion interventions were associated with a modest improvement in these outcomes; however, this did not reach statistical significance (combined risk ratio [RR] = 1.18, 95% CI: 0.95–1.45; I2 = 79.1%, p < 0.001) (Fig. 4 ).

The Wald χ2 values were consistently large, ranging from 27.464 to 105.115, and all p-values were highly significant ( p < 0.001), demonstrating a robust and statistically significant association between trust and adherence to preventive behaviours.

Secular trend of KD incidence The KD incidence of subjects younger than 18 years significantly increased from 11.78 per 100,000 person-years in 2001 to 22.40 per 100,000 person-years in 2020 (AAPC = 5.4%, p < 0.001, Table 1 ), and 97.1% of KD patients were aged 0–5 years, which also demonstrated an increasing trend with an AAPC of 4.2% ( p < 0.001, Table 1 ; Fig. 1 a).

Z-tests confirmed that the urban advantage in DFLE was highly significant at age 65 (Z = 3.91, p < 0.001) and remained significant through age 85 (Z = 1.98, p < 0.05).

We also identified an increasing trend in for IGRA positivity with increasing incarceration time (Cochran–Armitage test for trend, p < 0.001).

The same results were recorded for obesity but for only girls with a highly significant difference (( P < 0.001).

Except for the ≥ 100 years old group, BMI in other age groups also showed a trend of increasing with the years (p < 0.001) in Fig. 2 B.

There was a moderately significant relationship between PAM scores and visually impaired individuals’ self-management, self-efficacy, healthy life awareness, social relations, and environment ( p < 0.001).

In contrast, the prevalence rates of overweight and obesity showed an increasing trend (all p < 0.001).

Furthermore, women predominate in all academic years, from the first to the seventh, with highly significant differences ( p < 0.001) in each yearly comparison.

The intervention group demonstrated a highly significant improvement in their mean scores of MHL at the end of day three of the workshop (mean difference 19.08, 95% CI 17 to 21.16, Cohen’s d = 2.63; p < 0.001) and also in the second post intervention assessment after 3 months (mean difference 16.61, 95% CI 13.96 to 19.26, Cohen’s d = 1.86; p < 001) (Table 3 ).

Results The incidence rate (AAPC = 1.18%, P < 0.001) of TI among children aged 0–14 years showed an increasing trend, whereas mortality rate (AAPC = -3.87%, P < 0.001) and DALYs rate (AAPC = -3.83%, P < 0.001) decreased annually.

Residence type was also a highly significant predictor, as nomadic households displayed markedly reduced odds of higher SER (AOR = 0.19; 95% CI: 0.17–0.22; p < 0.001) relative to urban households; however, no significant difference was detected between rural and urban residences ( P = 0.365).

Although Korea had a lower baseline rate, it experienced a highly significant reduction in presenteeism, dropping from 20.3% to 15.3% during the pandemic ( p < .001).

Upon including these key behavioural variables and their temporal interactions, the negative effect of drinking habits observed in Model 2 remained highly significant with a similar magnitude ( β = -0.080, p < 0.001).

Among males, the ASIR of cancer attributable to smoking showed a decreasing trend in the 40–49 age group ( P < 0.001) and an increasing trend in the 60–69 age group ( P < 0.001).

These connections are highly significant ( p < 0.001).

The random effects at the cluster level were highly significant ( p < 0.001), confirming that unobserved community-level factors have a substantial impact on dietary outcomes.