Excerpts

P -values ≥0.01 and <0.05 were considered borderline significant.

Our review demonstrates that there may be significant obesity and PA-related benefits in using fuel excise taxation as more than a neutral revenue-raising stream.

Additionally, previous incarceration (OR = 1.54; 95% CI = 0.99, 2.42) was a relevant determinant of underweight with a borderline significance.

The extended working day moving average did not show an increasing trend and, more importantly, neither did the data.

In men, there was a linear rise in the prevalence of overweight/obesity and the mean WHR, but not in the prevalence of abdominal obesity; in women, the prevalence of abdominal obesity and WHR rose linearly, but not the prevalence of overweight/obesity (Table 3 ). Trends in blood pressure Systolic blood pressure fluctuated by 3 mmHg in men with a decreasing trend whereas it remained stable in women (Table 3 ).

When predicting ED visits and hospitalization rates for asthma and LRIs, we found lower SES was significantly related to all outcomes except for asthma ED visit rates, which bordered on significance (Table 3 ).

Hypertension is highly prevalent among Portuguese adults [ 11 ] but, as observed in other countries [ 20 ], a decreasing trend in the last decade was observed [ 21 ].

There has been an increasing trend with regards to the prevalence of smoking among adolescents over the past three decades, mostly caused by the progressive increase among females.

This is a negative trend, because very few return to work after having received disability pension [ 3 ].

Subjects using smoke-rich fuels and presented with respiratory symptoms showed a trend of poorer HR-QoL compared to those using smoke-free fuels (Table 2 ).

We found two highly significant predictors of using LARC-PM.

All average decline estimates were statistically highly significant.

With respect to drug resistance, the percentage of cases with multidrug-resistant TB differed considerably, from 0% in Slovenia to 21.5% in Lithuania and showed an increasing trend in Austria, a decreasing and then increasing trend in the United Kingdom, was stable in Lithuania, Portugal and Slovenia, and increased and thereafter decreased in Romania.

A recent study analysed RNA expression profiles in the blood of smokers and non-smokers and identified a highly significant increase in the expression of GPR15 gene [ 24 ].

However, a trend towards significance was identified for participants who self-reported greater cultural engagement.

Generally, there was an increasing trend from prior through current use to future intention to use the more effective reversible contraceptive methods (i.e.

However, the prevalence of single HR-HPV exerted an increasing trend with age, and single LR-HPV infection was highest in less than 24 years age group and then decreased significantly with advancing age (Fig. 2b ).

, Denmark and France; 3) a sharply increasing trend in women, and a sharply decreasing trend in men, seen in New Zealand (Figure 1 ), Finland, Australia and Netherlands; 4) a more gradual increasing trend in women, but a sharply declining trend in men, seen only in England and Wales (Figure 1 ); 5) a decreasing trend in both sexes, seen in Singapore (Figure 1 ) and Hong Kong; 6) a decreasing and then a gradually increasing trend in women, but a sharply increasing trend in men, seen in Spain (Figure 1 ) and Greece; and 7) a relatively steady trend in both sexes, seen only in Cuba (Figure 1 ).

The period effects for males and females from the APC model applied to the data from the 23 countries could be classified into seven patterns: 1) an increasing trend in both sexes, seen in Taiwan (Figure 1 ), Norway, Japan, Hungary, and Portugal; 2) a sharply increasing trend in women, with little change seen in men seen in USA (Figure 1 ), Sweden, Poland, Italy, Canada, Belgium, Denmark and France; 3) a sharply increasing trend in women, and a sharply decreasi

The results of the influence analysis showed that when two studies (Koziel et al., 2011 [ 74 ] and Li et al., 2007 [ 76 ]) were deleted separately from the model, results were slightly non-significant.

We also found a decreasing trend in qualified doctors among minority counties from 2002 to 2014, in contrast to an increasing trend among non-minority counties.

The only marginally significant difference across groups, however, was that those with some college education or more were more likely to have a cascade than those with a high school education or less ( p < .10).

External validity As expected in this French elderly women population, educational level was associated with smoking with a significant trend (Fig. 1 ).

An increasing trend was observed for both genders in the number of people extending their working life.

Even after adjustment for SBA attendance or place of delivery, settlement and ethnicity were still likely to be significant factors.