Excerpts

A p -value threshold of 1E-07 (highly significant and far surpassing the Bonferroni correction) was considered as a cutoff to call the significant trait-marker associations.

We found a positive trend in chromosome length and the SSR abundance as marker density enhanced with a shorter chromosome length.

However, the three-way interactions between JA, AMF, and light ( Table 2 , p = 0.08), or between JA, AMF, and soil P ( Table 2 , p = 0.09) were only marginally significant.

Results showed that the Chl content within the upper leaves exhibited an increasing trend from the basal to the top portions but a decreasing pattern within the lower leaves at the most growth stages.

c reticus as a rich source of flavonols, flavan-3-ols, and proanthocyanidins, all of which displayed a decreasing trend during fruit development.

These two micronutrients also had a positive and highly significant correlation with seed size (Gupta et al., 2009 ; Kanatti et al., 2014 ; Govindaraj et al., 2016 ).

Varieties showed extremely significant differences in ion loading, with the leaf K + /Na + ratio varying from 0.96 to 8.95 ( Figure 3 ).

In particular, tetraploid females showed a trend to occupy habitats with a warmer climate, which was not the case for diploids.

With the increasing strength of the interspecific interaction, the plant height ( Figure 1C ) and the root architecture, including the root length ( Figure 1E ), surface area ( Figure 1F ) and root volume ( Figure 1G ), showed an increasing trend.

2 days comparison and exhibited a decreasing trend from the 4 days vs. 2 days comparison to the 8 days vs. 4 days comparison ( Figure 3C ).

Meanwhile, the numbers of upregulated DEGs in “glycolysis/gluconeogenesis,” “plant hormone signal transduction,” “plant–pathogen interaction,” and “carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms” pathways exhibited an increasing trend from the 2 days vs. 0 day comparison to the 4 days vs. 2 days comparison and exhibited a decreasing trend from the 4 days vs. 2 days comparison to the 8 days vs. 4 days comparison ( Figure 3C ).

In the analysis by individual events for the 2016 study ( Supplementary Table 2 ), the early silking phenotype in drought conditions was especially pronounced, with all three transgenic events having highly significant differences in silking time of more than a full day earlier than controls, resulting in significantly decreased ASI for two of the events.

These beneficial effects were reduced following the SBW epidemic and dry conditions during the 1970s, resulting in a negative mean BAI long-term linear trend for spruce in mixed stands ( Figures 4 , 5B ) and in a positive trend for aspen in the same stands ( Figure 5H ), although aspen showed a growth decline after the mid-1980s ( Figure 4 ; Supplementary Figure 4 ).

A stepwise regression model with seed yield/plant as a dependent variable and other traits as the independent variable identified BY/Plot, TSY/Plot, PH_FPB, SS, TSC, DFI, PH_M, SMS, and SL as highly significant traits.

An increasing trend was observed for TSS content at all development stages, i.e., 4.97, 7.87, 9.77, and 10.67 at 10, 18, 26, and 34 DAP ( Figure 1C ), respectively, whereas watermelon flesh’s firmness was measured as 2.72, 2.05, 1.68, and 1.27 kg/cm 2 at 10, 18, 26, and 34 DAP ( Figure 1D ), which has an opposite trend compared with fruit weight and TSS. pH can reflect the change of watermelon acidity, high pH is consistent with low acidity. pH values were recorded as 4.95, 5.14, 5.33, and 5.66 at 10, 18, 26, and 34 DAP ( Figure 1E ), respectively, indicating a decrease in acidity during fruit development.

Nine classes were obtained through the analysis of all the DAMs, among which the content of candidate metabolites in classes 1 and 7 presented an increasing trend, with 49 and 52 DAMs, respectively, such as sucrose citrulline and histidine; in contrast, 65 candidate DAMs in class 4 showed a decreasing trend, similarly, in classes 5 and 6, the metabolites also showed a downward trend during the watermelon flesh development, and there were 30 and 38 candidate DAMs, such as naringenin chalcone, vanillin, salicylic acid, and adenosine ( Figure 2D and Supplementary Table 1 ).

Subsequent genome-wide predictions along-with association analyses uncovered a set of 298 highly significant key single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)/Quantitative Trait Nucleotides (QTNs) and 271 heterotic Quantitative Trait Nucleotides (hQTNs) related to agronomic and fiber quality traits.

Although the differences were not statistically significant, all the measured growth parameters, at least with D24, showed an increasing trend at flowering with ash application.

Supporting our results, except for Mg, a decreasing trend in accumulation was observed for all the analyzed macro and trace elements in the shoot tissue of maize plants grown with biomass fly ash application ( Ondrasek et al., 2021 ).

DPPH showed highly significant positive correlation with AHP, luteolin (LUT) ( r 2 = 0.88 * ), and FRAP ( r 2 = 0.64 ** ) indicating a strong association between phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity.

The genotype × environment (G × E) interaction was found to be highly significant for all the grain yield and agronomic traits and for both micronutrients (iron and zinc).

From these GWAS, we identified highly significant QTNs ( p -values below 10 −7 ) associated with seed weight obtained from optimal (9 QTNs) and heat stress (20 QTNs) growing conditions, as well as 2 QTNs potentially involved in plasticity ( Supplementary Figure 3 and Supplementary Table 5 ).

A comparison of Ψ 50 data based on the Pneumatic method with alternative approaches for 51 angiosperm species shows a strong and highly significant correlation ( R = 0.71, n = 57 specimens; including data from Pereira et al., 2016 , 2021 ; Zhang et al., 2018 ; Guan et al., 2020 , 2021 ; Sergent et al., 2020 ; Chen et al., 2021 ; Paligi et al., 2021 ).

We kept the enriched GO terms of DMGs from the parent-hybrid comparison but not from the between-parent comparison and found a clear trend of enriched biological functions, such as biosynthetic and metabolic processes of multiple carbohydrates, secondary metabolic processes, and development of shoot, root hair, and so on ( Figure 5A , Supplementary Table 4 ), among which starch biosynthetic process was reported to be involved in heterosis (Chen, 2013 ).

The differegher than that in sugar beet, and it showed an increasing trend with salt level the two species ( Figures 5A , B ).