Excerpts

The former occurred when a marker was highly significant in a particular environment but not significant in the others while the latter occured when a marker was nearly significant in most single environments.

N contribution to grain filling: total organic matter and rubisco A decreasing trend in N concentration in most plant parts is the natural process during grain filling in wheat, and in many cases it varies greatly with environmental factors and can also be affected by genotype (Le Gouis et al., 2000 ; Pang et al., 2014 ).

A highly significant correlation ( R 2 = 0.84) was observed between the RNA-seq and RT-qPCR data sets.

In contrast to the radiata pine, the mean BAI of the defoliated trees of chestnut showed an increasing trend after the defoliation (2014–2015; see Figure 3 ).

These compounds (Figure 7A ) showed a trend to be suppressed by herbivory or the fungal treatments, even though only significant in the case of decanal (Table 1 ).

The maximal summer extent of submerged macrophytes in ponds showed a positive trend with pH (CI range: unidirectionally positive) and a negative relationship with phytoplankton biovolume and waterfowl herbivory in the warm period (CI range: unidirectionally negative; Table 4 and Figure 8 ).

Four weeks after inoculation, plants inoculated with N ARD already showed a trend for reduced growth, which became significant 8 weeks after inoculation for aboveground parts (Supplementary Table S2 ).

Overall, the source of the inoculated nematodes -ARD or control soil- and the interaction between ARD nematodes and microbes were highly significant factors determining ARD.

However, at 14–18 DAS, plant height showed an increasing trend, which was observed soon after the seedlings emerged above the water surface (Figure 3A ).

We observed an increasing trend in hydraulic traits' time series (Figure S2 ).

Clones that had been trained for nutrients in shade placed more ramets (all ramets, marginally significant pair wise marginal effect) into shade compared to clones trained for nutrients in light, while there was no such difference in light patches (Table 2 and Figure 3A ).

Nonetheless, the extracted fungal DNA from plant stems showed a trend with the AP treatment having more fungal DNA compared to the P treatment in “Canard,” although this was not a statistically significant difference.

altitude plot also shows a clear trend with PC3 separating the accessions according to their altitude, however, there are few outliers present on the both ends (Supplementary Figure S6 ).

Even though a clear trend could not be observed, a wide alteration of the profile of membrane lipids was observed in our experiments.

A highly significant and positive correlation was found for PR length estimated by EZ-Rhizo and directly measured by ImageJ software 2 from hand-drawn roots ( Supplementary Figure S1F ).

The analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the analyzed cultivars only in the Ionic site (West coast) with regard to the NFI, while the numbers of perfect flowers resulted highly significant in both environments.

Based on the highly significant GxE interaction showed by some traits, QTLs were determined using the mean values of the three replicates for each environment.

Urea levels showed a trend towards increasing with B. fabae infection ( Table 2 ), seemingly decreasing in the M+B+ root-free compartments ( Table 3 ).

Recent studies ( Alfieri et al., 2015 ) aimed at evaluating climate projections using the EURO CORDEX RCP8.5 scenarios, show a positive trend for the maximum daily precipitations in most European countries by the end of the century.

With regard to immunogenicity, the analyses with antibodies from CD patients demonstrated a highly significant reduction in binding to the transgenic lines when compared to the non-transgenic wheat.

Even though the A genome of bread wheat and that of the diploid ancestor can form perfect bivalents during meiosis in the F 1 s of AAB ( Gill et al., 1988 ), there are likely to be significant differences in base sequences and chromosome structures (such as inversion, translocations, deletion/duplications, or heterochromatin structures) after the tetraploid wheat formation – i.e., 100,000–500,000 years ago ( Huang et al., 2002 ).

Similar to the pattern of shoot P uptake, an increasing trend of total P concentration in ear leaves was observed at both silking and 21 DAS even with P inputs beyond 75 kg P 2 O 5 ha -1 ( Figure 2D ).

Indeed, similar results were detected in the previous candidate gene study using the same population, where an interesting SNP in the ELF3b-gene showed highly significant effects connected to few individuals in one of the homozygote classes ( Hallingbäck et al., 2016 ).

The correlation coefficients between estimated biovolume (biomass proxy) and measured fresh and dry weight obtained in this study were highly significant but a little lower, particularly under stress (ranged from r = 0.62 and 0.61 in combination of nitrogen and water stress to r = 0.75 and 0.79 in control treatment, respectively), compared to previously reported data in barley and maize ( Chen et al., 2014 ; Honsdorf et al., 2014 ; Ge et al., 2016 ; Muraya et al., 2017 ).

In “D9320,” the expression levels at each time point were lower than those of the control, and the difference was extremely significant at 24 h and 48 h; the levels were 0.54- and 0.49-fold that of the control ( Figure 4B ).