Barely Significant

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Consequently, there has been an increasing trend of studies to assess their relationship, which may differ mainly depending on the indicators of obesity used (e.g., BMI, WC, and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR)) [ 93 , 94 ] and/or assessment methods for BMD (e.g., dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT), trabecular bone score (TBS), and lumbar spine BMD/BMI ratio (LS BMD/BMI ratio)) [ 19 , 60 ].
Our findings included a significant GPx3 reduction in the CMD patients (n = 126), especially in the T2DM patients (n = 51), and a decreasing trend in the prediabetes group (n = 37). miR-196a expression, although higher in the CMD and T2DM groups than in the controls, was not statistically significant, potentially due to the small sample size.