Excerpts

Notably, electrical resistance ( Rm ) and anisotropy ( D% ) show a decreasing trend when transitioning from the M to the S electrode arrangements.

This was also shown by highly significant results, with p -values far below the standard threshold of 0.05.

Such a negative trend can be eliminated by modifying the fibre surfaces [ 11 , 34 , 47 , 48 , 49 ].

The results indicated a positive trend in the enhancement of mechanical properties as the filler concentration increased.

It can be seen from Table 4 that with the increase in normal stress, the slope of the straight line shows a decreasing trend, indicating that the shear strength increases with the rise of normal stress, and the correlation coefficients are 0.93, 0.96, 0.98, 0.99, and 0.90, respectively, indicating that there is a good correlation between the parameters.

The relative error in DVC measurements exhibited a decreasing trend from F1 to F5, indicating surface stabilization as machining advanced.

Compressive Strength Under Different Temperatures From the CVT curve in Figure 9 , it can be seen that the compressive strength shows a decreasing trend at 24 °C–100 °C and an increasing trend at 100 °C–300 °C, and the compressive strength at 300 °C is greater than that at normal temperatures.

For the SOEC cathode channels with aspect ratios of 0.25 and 1, the temperature distribution is relatively uniform, exhibiting an increasing trend, with the peak temperature occurring at the outlet of the cathode channel.

However, an unexpected trend was observed, where samples with 15% infill density exhibited higher tensile strength compared to those with 20–25% infill.

The dwell time in the water bath [s] has a p -value of 8.5 × 10 −7 , indicating a highly significant effect in statistical terms.

As demonstrated in Table 6 , the flexural tensile strength of SFP materials exhibits an increasing trend with extended curing durations.

Both I C=O and I S=O showed an increasing trend with aging time, confirming that oxidation dominated functional groups accumulation during aging.

For Cd and Pb detection, the dissolution peak current values showed an overall trend of first increasing and then decreasing ( Figure S9e,f ).

Regarding the most probable pore diameter, all specimens exhibited a decreasing trend with prolonged hydration, eventually stabilizing around 4 nm.

Conversely, the ultimate load capacity showed a decreasing trend, a 24% cumulative reduction was observed for the 150 mm model as λ increased from 3 to 6, accompanied by marked ductility improvement (ductility coefficient increased from 1.96 to 2.60).

A clear trend emerged: materials with defined shades or with fillers chemically similar to the lithium disilicate substrate (e.g., Transcend) tended to show better color matching.

From Table 8 , it is evident that the p -values for the regression models are all less than 0.0001, indicating that the regression models have reached a highly significant level.

In conclusion, the results of this study show an extremely significant effect of viscosity-reducing agents on the binder studied (especially at high pavement operating temperatures).

[ 69 ] found that TiO 2 at 3–5% increased surface hardness, but 7% reduced it; surface roughness showed an increasing trend with higher TiO 2 concentrations, though the relationship was not linear.

[ 71 ] measured fluoride release across various combinations of SrO and SrF 2 and found a clear trend: groups with 1.5% SrF 2 and 1% SrO showed the highest cumulative fluoride values (2.61 mequiv/g).

The relative ultimate bond strength shows an increasing trend as the relative anchorage length, and there is a significant linear relationship between them.

With the increase in anchorage length, the bond strength showed a trend of increasing first and then decreasing.

For instance, with 8 mm bolts, the enhancement dropped from 295% at 1 d to 47% at 4 d, revealing a clear trend of reduced marginal benefit with increasing clearance; As the edge distance increased, the dominant failure mode gradually shifted from shear failure to local extrusion failure.

The analysis reveals a clear trend toward reducing clinker content by incorporating supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) such as fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag, natural pozzolans, and limestone.

An increasing trend in thermal conductivity can be observed as the percentage of tailings rises, progressing from approximately 0.32 W/m·K in the control sample to 0.52 W/m·K in the 50% replacement sample.