Excerpts

As shown in Figure 8 a,b, both V oc and J sc exhibit an increasing trend with the widening of the gap width.

Meanwhile, according to Figure 8 c, FF shows a decreasing trend as the gap width increases.

Notably, as the Si/Al ratio increased from 1.0 to 2.0, the ratio of (Q 3 + Q 4 )/(Q 1 + Q 2 ) exhibited a decreasing trend.

The resistance will exhibit an increasing trend from this stage, attributed to the formation of CIC products such as Fe(OH) 3 and Fe 2 O 3 ·nH 2 O [ 60 , 61 ].

An increase in tempering temperature will accelerate the climb and submergence of dislocations, resulting in a decreasing trend in dislocation density.

As can be seen in Figure 10 , the chromatic aberration shows an increasing trend as the aging time increases.

In Figure 9 a, it can be seen that the brightness shows a decreasing trend as the aging time increases, but the attenuation is relatively small.

As shown in Figure 3 b and Figure 4 b, at a W/B of 0.250, the yield stress and plastic viscosity of all ECC pastes generally show a decreasing trend as the SP dosage increases.

It was found that with the increase in the replacement ratio of tuff stone powder, the ultimate tensile strain and tensile peak stress of ECC all exhibited an increasing trend, which declined afterward.

The transmittance of the -C-H and C=O vibration peaks exhibited a decreasing trend with increased tuff stone powder doping.

Another important conclusion is that, as seen in Figure 12 , as the temperature and pressure increase, the sealing opening force undergoes a transformation from an increasing trend to a decreasing trend.

Importantly, the Zn/O ratio exhibits a strong trend: increasing the temperature and duration of the water treatment causes the ratio to approach unity (1.0) ( Figure 5 a), indicating that the surface composition moves closer to stoichiometric ZnO (1:1 ratio).

The results showed that after the construction of artificial reefs, the diversity, species richness, and biomass of benthic animals showed an increasing trend in both artificial reef habitats and nearby non-reef control habitats.

Correspondingly, the spectral skewness of the acoustic emission signals shows an increasing trend, indicating a change in the asymmetry of the signal spectrum shape and a more noticeable shift of the energy distribution toward lower frequencies.

In the figures, features with p < 0.05 are marked with **, and features with p < 0.1, indicating potentially marginally significant differences, are marked with *.

It shows a decreasing trend from Stage I to Stage III, consistent with the transition of the fracture mechanism from high-frequency brittle fracture to low-frequency frictional slip.

It can be observed that an increasing trend is obtained by employing hybrid reduction and further thermal treatment for both freeze-casting rates.

The differences in surface topography between Alg-based and Chit-based coatings are quite significant.

CS also showed an increasing trend with a peak value of 15.1 MPa at a 0.4% NS content.

A positive sensitivity coefficient indicates that the natural frequency increases with an increase in the corresponding parameter, whereas a negative value implies a decreasing trend.

With extended curing to 28 days ( Figure 14 b), all groups showed a trend of pore refinement, but the novel synchronous grouting material B2 exhibited the most pronounced optimization.

The results indicate that the air pore volume fraction does not exhibit a clear trend with w / c , remaining approximately around 3%.

As shown in Figure 5 , the crystallinity evolution from as-spun filaments to drawn fibers reveals a pronounced trend reversal.

For the as-spun filaments ( Figure 7 a), a clear trend is observed where the (110) peak width increases from f 1 (0.26°) to f 5 (0.32°).

The resulting maximum equivalent stresses were 660.3 MPa, 645.2 MPa, and 572.7 MPa, respectively, indicating a decreasing trend with increasing length.