Excerpts

There is an increasing trend in sludge utilization, as it essentially represents organic material, water, organic matter, and nutrients.

R, quantifying a material’s capacity to absorb energy elastically before permanent deformation, showed a trend similar to FS, with CCC and BFO outperforming the other materials and FSU demonstrating the least R.

As the laser energy density gradually increased, the titanium content exhibited an overall trend of first rising and then stabilizing.

Although the peak strain of R-CTB at 80-mesh shows a decreasing trend with increasing rubber content, the specimens still maintain relatively high peak strain at 6% and 8% contents.

With a further reduction in particle size, the elastic modulus of R-CTB decreases sharply by 187 MPa, representing a reduction of 51.37%, at which point particle size exerts a highly significant effect on the reduction of elastic modulus.

Meanwhile, the DC breakdown strength and resistivity of the epoxy resin showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing.

The infrared spectrum indicates that after low-temperature treatment, the broad peak of -OH in the spectrum gradually intensifies, and at the same time, the absorption band related to the carboxyl group also shows an increasing trend over time.

The global quadratic regression model exhibited extraordinary statistical robustness, achieving a total model sum of squares of 24,563.78 distributed across 20 degrees of freedom, yielding a mean square of 1228.19 and an exceptionally high F-value of 142.85 with p < 0.0001, unequivocally demonstrating that the regression model is highly significant at the 99.99% confidence level and that the selected variables collectively account for 98.92% of observed variance in Be 2+ adsorption capacity—leaving merely 1.08% attributable to residual experimental error.

Thus, the Cr content only fluctuates slightly at measurement point 3, while maintaining an increasing trend at other points as the measurement position approaches the brazing layer.

The elastic modulus of RGC also showed a decreasing trend ( Figure 4 ), with the slope of the linear elastic segment of the stress-strain curve reduced by 68% when the rubber content increased from 0% to 40%.

As the Se doping content increases, the carrier concentration of the system exhibits a decreasing trend, which is mainly attributed to the modulation of defect equilibrium and band structure by Se doping.

For the HUCS and HMS of equal mass, as the impact energy increases, the IPF of the HUCS shows an increasing trend while its crushing force efficiency ( CFE ) gradually decreases.

With further increases in dosage, the strength shows a decreasing trend, although it remains higher than that of the control group without Na 2 SO 4 .

The significance symbols * and ** indicate significant and highly significant effects, respectively.

Based on the original formulation, the addition of mullite led to a decreasing trend in apparent porosity and an increasing trend in bulk density.

Moreover, grain size measurements showed an increasing trend in grain size of samples deposited with sputtering power from 80 W to 120 W, but showed a decreasing trend for the sample deposited at 140 W.

The call for database-driven approaches and the recognition of inadequate long-term leaching assessment converge on a clear trend: evaluation should expand from single metrics to a multidimensional indicator system.

The highly significant predictors such as Load and Initiation Frequency show strong, significant effects for both of their parameter estimates, thus confirming their consistent strength across the outcome categories.

Thus, tan δ exhibits a decreasing trend with increasing frequency.

used PG, cement, and quicklime to prepare backfill material and found that as the PG content increased, the 3-day and 7-day uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) showed a decreasing trend, with the 28-day UCS reaching its maximum at a PG content of 20% [ 11 ].

Under these identical conditions, the front-surface temperature exhibits a decreasing trend with the introduction and variation in the modification, indicating that the surface thermal response is also affected by the modified infrared radiative properties of the material under the same heat flux [ 47 , 48 ].

Based on the results, it can be concluded that with increasing rubber content, the T BTSV value shows an increasing trend, while the δ BTSV value decreases.

(6) Among the tested mixtures, appropriate ceramsite replacement showed a favorable trend in permeability grade and residual strength.

With increasing ceramsite content, both porosity and the associated total pore volume and total pore area exhibit an overall upward tendency, whereas the average pore size shows a decreasing trend.

It can be seen from the figure that with the increase in heating temperature, the equivalent diameters of carbides obtained by both processes show an increasing trend.