Excerpts

Using these analytic approaches, we found that each of the eight groups of sex-specific genes listed in SM- Table 3 a-3b are jointly and significantly associated with longevity in one sex ( P = 8.7 × 10 −165 ∼1.5 × 10 −37 ), but not jointly significant in the other sex ( P > 0.05), while PRS-sex interaction effects are highly significant ( P = 5.2 × 10 −106 ∼4.4 × 10 −15 ) (SM- Table 5 ).

S2 ): While only 24,303 (5.7%) of the total 427,350 pairs of enzyme-catalyzed reactions are coregulated, 175 (42.9%) of the 408 fully coupled pairs are coregulated, which is highly significant (hypergeometric test, P value = 4.2 × 10 −105 ).

Next, based on the z score in the latent factor mixed models (LFMMs), we detected 155 CNVs with |z| scores ≥ 10 ( Supplementary Table S11 ) that were highly significant (3.63 × 10 −6 ≥ p values ≥ 1.34 × 10 −103 ), associated with environmental parameters in 47 old sheep populations.

Among these, MTND2 had highly significant associations across HDL cholesterol, Apolipoprotein A1, LDL and Triglycerides (lowest P = 3.2 × 10 –103 ).

The 212 transcripts reduced in both Caco2 and HUG1N cells depleted of GATA6 represent a highly significant, non-random overlap ( Fig. 4A ; odds ratio 9.0, p <4 × 10 −103 by Fisher exact test) and were enriched for Gene Ontology terms related to the cell cycle, particularly M-phase ( Fig. 4B ).

Other highly significant proteins for AD included GFAP ( β = 0.676; FDR-adjusted p = 5.02 × 10 −102 ), p-tau231 ( β = 0.700; FDR-adjusted p = 4.42 × 10 −94 ), NEFL ( β = 0.417; FDR-adjusted p = 1.52 × 10 −48 ) and p-tau181 ( β = 0.483; FDR-adjusted p = 9.25 × 10 −46 ; Supplementary Table 1 ).

Considering the pool sizes ( N = 651 and N = 240 for thapsigargin stimulation and nutrient starvation, respectively), this intersection was found highly significant ( p = 1.44×10 -101 ), thus showing that a strong common transcriptional signature exists for genes upregulated by these two stresses.

This comparison yielded a highly significant overlap ( P < 1e−100) in 2419 of 3802 DEGs, validating our adopted strategy ( supplemental Figure 1 D).

Indeed, the latter method produces a highly significant correlation (σ = 0.97, p < 10 −100 ) between the number of afferent and efferent partners of each cell.

There was highly significant overlap (at empirical p < 10 −100 , see Methods for permutation procedure) between the DERs and histone marks associated with active chromatin, including H3K36me3 (OR=13.32), H3K4me1 (OR= 3.00), H3K4me3 (OR=5.66), and H3K9ac (OR=4.82).

Remarkably, of the 1733 proteins in our data set, 62% were elevated significantly in at least one mutant (62% was highly significant in comparison to the null hypothesis in which peptide ratios are randomly assigned to proteins ( p value < 1e-100)), suggesting that the Cdc48 network has a profound impact on the UPS that is greater than has been previously appreciated.

Likelihood ratio tests indicated a highly significant genetic effect (LRT = 197.9, df = 1, P < 10 -100 ), suggesting that approximately 70% of the phenotypic variation is attributable to genetic factors.

Gender and age Even after exclusion of sex-linked genes, gender was independently associated with the largest number of expression traits ( n = 31) which, considered all together, contributed to a highly significant discrimination between males and females ( P <10 −100 ).

Fisher exact test confirmed that the overlap between peaks lost in the IDH mutant tumors is highly significant (p<10 −100 ).

Similarly, when surveying combined protein expression and SV data across 328 cell lines 38 , 54 , 55 , we observed a highly significant overlap ( p < 1E−100 chi-square test) of events involving CRISPR knockout effect in genes with events involving SV-associated protein over-expression (Fig. 8b ), involving 2682 genes, 178 with combined breakpoint and protein over-expression involving at least 5% of cell lines examined (Supplementary Dataset 10 ).

The likelihood ratio test further indicated that the genetic effect was highly significant (LRT = 1,655.76, df = 1, P < 10 −100 ) ( Kang et al., 2008 ; Yang et al., 2011 ; Visscher et al., 2008 ).

We found that the similarity among all pairs of networks was highly significant (hyper-geometric test P -value <10 −100 ), and hence we focused on the F -score as this was a more sensitive measure for comparisons.

The reduction in likelihood caused by eliminating one of the pause states was highly significant, and cannot be attributed simply to the elimination of two parameters ( p <10 -100 ; likelihood ratio test).

A more detailed analysis reveals that a clear and highly significant ( p < 10 -100 , Wilcoxon rank sum test) difference is seen between the mean of the CP M sc ( M ̄ s c = 0.19 ± 0.30) and the mean of the negative sequence M sc ( M ̄ s c = 0.02 ± 0.09).

This corresponds to a 20-fold enrichment and is highly significant ( p <1.0E-100).

All these variables have a statistically highly significant correlation (P~10 −100 ).

When p was below the calculation limits of the software (highly significant) we noted p<1.0e−99*.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/ ) data base indicates a highly significant anti-correlation with a gene signature obtained from primary human lung fibroblast treated with dithiothreitol (DTT) for 24 hours (Overlapping P = 1.7E-99) [ 63 ]; and a significant correlation with a gene set from dexamethasone-treated (24 hours) human primary osteoblast-like cells (HOb)(GEO series GSE10311 .Overlapping P = 1.0E-46).

The SNP-based heritability estimated on the observed scale was 0.78% (SE = 0.04%), which was highly significant (Z = 21.09, P-value = 9.41 × 10−99), further supporting a polygenic basis for ovarian cancer.

TH interneuron density increased steeply toward ventral caudoputamen ( β = 519.7, p = 5.6 × 10 −85 , N (hemispheres) = 13, N (sections) = 299), while SST interneurons showed a more moderate but highly significant ventral increase ( β = 253.9, p = 3.9 × 10 −98 , N (hemispheres) = 12, N (sections) = 276).