Excerpts

This difference in CES-D scores between men who reported non-fatal suicidal behaviour and those who did not was highly significant ( p < .000).

However the pooled regression model exhibits potential biases by failing to consider hierarchical effects, evidenced by elevated coefficients for variables. In Table 7 , the ML model exhibits a robust model fit, evidenced by a highly significant Wald chi-square statistic (1439.560, p < 0.000) and a low residual variance (0.023 with a standard error of 0.001), signifying that the model significantly accounts for variability in the data.

Between 1981 and 2015 there was a highly significant upwards trend in the number of studies analysing NCD media debates published per year (Poisson regression coefficient 0.113, p < 0.000) (Fig. 1 ).

Adjustment for baseline smoking There is a highly significant correlation (r = 0.95, p < 0.000 for males and r = 0.85, p < 0.000 for females) between the standardised residuals (school effects) for Model 1 when baseline smoking is adjusted for and when it is not (This is further illustrated by comparing Figure 3B and Figure 3C ).

Nevertheless, when we compared health care providers (HCP) to non-HCP, we observed a significant trend only in the former group: 59% of HCP agreed with the tobacco control policies at baseline and 80.5% agreed with them after the 2 nd law (p = 0.000) (data not shown).

As most tested associations were highly significant ( p < 10 − 10 ), precise p-values are reported only for those with p > 10 − 10 .

As indicated by the far from overlapping confidence intervals (CI) for these estimates, the differences between the two dementia caregiver groups is highly significant ( t = 4.87, p < 1 × 10 -6 ).

Females from 1999 to 2008 showed a negative trend (APC − 0.9298%/year, 95% CI: -1.2649 to -0.5937, P = 0.000038), changing into an upward trend shift from 2008 to 2018 (APC 0.9979%/year, 95% CI: 0.6830 to 1.3138, P = 0.000008), continuing through 2018 up until 2021 (APC 8.0298%/year, 95% CI: 4.7989 to 11.3602, P = 0.000085) (Fig. 3 C).

Results The proportion of mothers not breastfeeding at four months of age showed a highly significant trend across the neighbourhood strata (p = 0.00004): from 16.3% (< 10% with low purchasing power) to 29.4% (≥ 30% with low purchasing power), yielding an OR of 2.24 (95% confidence interval: 1.45-3.16).

A t -test showed that experience of stigma/discrimination is affected by whether a participant suffers from a disability to a highly significant degree (t=-7.912; p<0.0001).

Each WHtR cutoff was a highly significant predictor ( P < 0.0001) with the inclusion of constructs for race, smoking, age, and sex.

This trend was highly significant (P<0.0001), and also significant at each schedule point (Table 2 ).

There was a highly significant difference between level of income of countries and the rate of beginning implementation (LRS 27.2; 3 d.f.; P < 0.0001), this difference being almost entirely accounted for by the difference between high income countries and the others.

All these effects were highly significant (p < 0.0001).

The inter annual total case count difference was highly significant (F 11,132 : 36.305, p < 0001).

Tests of the year main effect revealed a decreasing trend for wrist ( p <.0001), an increasing trend for vertebral ( p =.0012), and no statistically significant change for humerus ( p =.2226).

The apparent 10.2/7.6 mmHg difference between inpatients and outpatients was only slightly reduced to 8.0/5.1 mmHg after adjustment for baseline and remained highly significant (p < 0.0001/p < 0.0001) even after correction for cluster effects.

The difference in work-up result between referred and non-referred subjects was highly significant (p < 0.0001).

No seasonal or periodic components were clearly seen in the plot but the smoothed series generally depict a decreasing trend (Z statistic = −10.23, p <0.0001, nptrend) (Fig. 2 ).

The effect of ever having been diagnosed with a mental health condition was highly significant as a main effect (p<0.0001) but did not differ significantly by ethnicity or age.

The use of ventilators for non-survivors (29.5%) was almost twice that given for the survivors (15.2%), and ICU admission was more than twice for those who died (21.2%) compared to that for the survivors (8.4%), both with a highly significant p -value ( p < 0.0001).

Although the proportion of medication costs in outpatient medical costs immediately decreased 4.81 percentage points after the intervention, however it subsequently rose with an increasing trend of 0.28 percentage point per month ( p < 0.0001) (Table 2 ).

Odds ratios (ORs) for high SBP, high DBP and high BP were significantly greater in OW and OB children than NW group, and showed a trend increase correlating with obesity stages (all P <0.0001).

An objective validation of the self-reported smoking history of a randomly selected sub-sample immigrant group, using expired carbon monoxide (CO) measurements, showed a highly significant correlation coefficient (r = 0.64) of expired CO levels with the reported number of cigarettes consumed (p < 0.0001).

When cross-classifying condom use and frequency of condom use (see Table 4 ), a highly significant association was found between the two responses (P < 0.0001).