Excerpts

The occurrence of most outcomes showed an increasing trend with higher age and lower socioeconomic status.

For both groups, odds ratios for contrasts between 2014 and 2019 were in the direction of continued lowering of the odds of ever smoking, though were of borderline significance for the whole sample only.

greater tolerance) of others’ smoking over time, with contrasts of 2007 and 2008 with 2014 marginally significant, and further decline evident from 2014 to 2019, although smaller and not significant for children of smokers.

Generally, in each output, the Z-score is high and positive with a highly significant p -value which showed 99% confidence for clustering of undernutrition across regions in Ethiopia (Fig. 2 A-D).

Based on our time series modelling, there was an increasing trend in the cases of diarrhoea among children under the age of 5 years during 2013–2017, and our projection showed that this trend will continue up until year 2020, all things being equal.

The percentage of smoking cessation has increased significantly and a decreasing trend in smoking prevalence, especially among men was estimated [ 27 , 28 ].

Specifically, among men the difference (between the third and the second time-period) is small (HR = 0.92, 95% CI 0.90–0.95, p -value < 0.001), while among women, although the difference is still detectable, it is slightly significant (HR = 0.97, 95% CI 0.94–1.00, p -value 0.067).

Patient delay The median time between symptom onset and first healthcare contact presented an increasing trend over the years, ranging from 33 days in 2008 to 44 days in 2017 (11 days difference) (Fig. 2 ).

Some studies have described a decreasing trend in the prevalence of hepatitis B among young people and an increasing trend among the elderly [ 20 – 22 ].

Despite recent progress in HIV prevention [ 2 , 3 ], HIV prevalence has an increasing trend in Iran [ 4 , 5 ].

The insufficient HPV knowledge may result from participants’ low capacity to obtain HPV-related information, a tendency we observed in our data that was only marginally significant.

This slightly improved model performance Our approach is justified by the observation that we found a highly significant linear relationship between daily maximal temperature and PPR with all other potential predictor variables kept constant.

There was an increasing trend of vivax cases.

Exclusively formula feeding was observed in 5% of 0-3.9 m infants with an increasing trend to 26% in 4-5.9%, rising to 33% at 6-11.9 m and reaching a peak of 51% at 12-23.9 m.

Conclusion and recommendations This scoping review identified 79 articles from 27 studies related to PA and SB in Czech children and adolescents and revealed an increasing trend in the number of articles published during the past two decades.

The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommends vaccinating all MSM up through age of 26 years due to the increased risk of anal cancer in this key population [ 21 ] A recent meta-analysis [ 22 ] has reported the average HPV vaccine acceptability among MSM of 63% with the highest from China (97%) [ 23 ] and the lowest from Australia (30%) [ 24 ], however an increasing trend of vaccine uptake is being reported by others over time [ 25 ].

Regardless, the current study also included quantitative measures, though comparison p-values may be significant by chance.

An inverse borderline significant association was found between leisure time physical activity and stroke among all participants in the multivariable adjusted model (HR: 0.86; 95% CI: 0.73–1.00; p for trend = 0.06) (Table 5 ).

When we repeated the analyses after categorizing the exposure variable into deciles, we similarly found an inverse association between leisure time physical activity and the risk of MI in the fully adjusted model with a 41% lower risk in subjects in the ninth (HR: 0.59; 95% CI: 0.43–0.82) and a 22% lower risk in subjects in the highest decile (HR: 0.78: 95% CI: 0.56–1.10) compared to the lowest, with a significant trend ( p for trend = 0.03).

Also, an increasing trend in urban and rural areas, in people satisfied with their lives and in all family socioeconomic status sub-categories was seen.

Regarding the trend of passive smoking, contrary to Iran, studies report a decreasing trend in both sexes in many countries.

H2: RAC will show an increasing trend from the pandemic in cross-border inflow countries compared to H1 countries.

Operationalising the hypothesis and taking into account the effect on RAC of changes to cross-border purchases, this paper predicts the pandemic to have the following effect on RAC: H1 : RAC will show a decreasing trend from the pandemic in countries with low levels, or net low levels, of cross-border purchases of alcohol.

India ranked first among the four countries in all three types of incidence rates, with an increasing trend.

India showed an upward trend for cohorts before 1990, while the US started to show a decreasing trend after 1980.