Excerpts

First, the items with a factor loading greater than 0.50 were considered “practically significant” and were therefore retained [ 24 ].

Notified rates currently show an increasing trend, but the rise started later than in other countries: during the period 1995–2001 rates decreased sharply, from 11.7/100 000 to 2.0/100 000, but in 2002 the trend changed and the incidence has steadily increased to a rate of 5.1/100 000 in 2011 [ 6 ].

The indicator of visible fecal matter left in the latrine also showed a trend of decline similar to that of unpleasant odor.

A decreasing trend in infant mortality, low birth weight rate, and under five mortality rate were observed with an increase in redistributive policies.

It is estimated that 5.8 million people or 21% of the entire Malaysian population suffer from hypertension and there was an increasing trend over the past decade [ 3 ].

It is estimated that NCDs account for 67% of all deaths in Malaysia and there has been an increasing trend in recent decades [ 1 , 2 ].

(QB01) Some respondents thought the recession reversed a positive trend of buying more healthy foods.

OR 0.72 for lower SOC) the difference was nearly significant (p-value 0.064), while the p-values for SRH (0.197), for psychological distress (0.874) and for depression (0.133) were non-significant.

In the present analysis, we compared the pooled ORs before and after combined adjustment for confounders, and observed a decreasing trend after the adjustment for potential confounders.

The prevalence of T2D clearly increased with increasing deprivation for both men and women, and the Cochran–Armitage test for trend indicated that this increase was highly significant.

There was an increasing trend of objective sedentary time with older age, higher proportion of men, being married, higher education level, increased level of total and occupational sedentary time and MVPA measured by self-report, and decreased levels of MVPA measured by accelerometry.

Total subjective sedentary time showed a significant trend with greater saturated fat consumption, longer leisure time and occupational sedentary time, and less objective MVPA.

Discussion We demonstrated a statistically significant effect of PM 2.5 on a reduction in HRV measured by HF, pNN10, and pNN20, and in SDNN and rMSSD that showed a marginally significant effect.

Multivariate linear regression analysis indicated an increasing trend of factor scores for Meat and Grain pattern with age.

Within AA, there was a negative trend between vitamin D levels and the number of reported asthma severity indicators.

Our model of sex, school grade level and overall SBMU (<2 hours, > 2 hours) supported our hypothesis that SBMU would be higher among older participants: with the exception of Grade 3 there was an overall trend for increasing SBMU across both boys and girls as they got older (up to 16 years).

Suspected pneumonia cases in children under five years of age showed an increasing trend in UER, reaching roughly 5,000 in the year 2013.

After adjustment for age, smoking status, alcohol consumption, diabetes and family history of hypertension, anthropometric indices showed no significant associations, but an increasing trend similar to that for the unadjusted model was maintained.

The effect size of risk perception is similar in Models 2, 3, and 4 (Model 2: OR = .89, CI:[0.79,0.99], p = .0350; Model 3: OR = 0.93, CI: [0.81,1.07], p = .3224; Model 4: OR = .88, CI: [0.78,1.003], p = .0560), however, the p-value in Model 2 is statistically significant, in Model 4 is borderline significant, but in Model 3 is not statistically significant.

There indeed seems to be an increasing trend in medication use but adding calendar year to the models to take this into account did not change the results reported here.

No significant difference was found between boys and girls with respect to the number of meals served outside the home, but a positive trend with age was observed for students with more meals served outside.

In the present study, younger parents and those with less education reported spending more time in active play with their children compared to those older than 32 or with higher educational attainment; although there is limited research with preschool parents in this area, one study found a positive trend between parent education and preschooler physical activity and a negative trend with parent physical activity [ 88 , 89 ].

Low background disability rates were observed in young individuals (<65 years), with an increasing trend over age.

Jonckheere’s test revealed a significant trend in the data; as the frequency of physical activity increased participants reported feeling healthier (J = 38317, z = 4.196, r = −0.19) and fitter (J = 35932, z = 2.564, r = −0.12).

Changes in physical activity groups The descriptive analyses showed a negative trend, independently of setting.