Excerpts

Similarly, Bacteroides and Ileibacterium abundance showed an increasing trend in the B. longum-Endo group.

Statistical Analysis For statistical analyses, ANOVA was performed using SPSS software, one-way ANOVA was used across multiple groups (one-way ANOVA), and p < 0.05 was considered to indicate an extremely significant difference.

The OPLS-DA score plot showed clear discrimination between the two groups (R2 = 0.56, Q2 = −1.24), which suggested that the model was predictive and reliable, and that differences in the abundance of the metabolites between healthy and diarrhea rabbits were highly significant ( Figure 6B ).

mirabilis showed an increasing trend year by year. 3 According to the Ambler classification, ESBLs are mostly from the class A TEM, SHV, and CTX-M families ( Denkel et al., 2020 ; Verschuuren et al., 2021 ).

On the contrary, when the pH was 6.5, the NRR of all the reactors showed a decreasing trend, and this may be due to the negative impact of the lower pH on denitrification ( Figure 3B ), because when the pH was lower than 6, denitrification will be inhibited ( Yang et al., 2016 ).

Additionally, the F/B values of the high-altitude groups showed an increasing trend compared with that of the low-altitude groups.

The fact that antibiotics have been usually applied for prophylactic, therapeutic, and metaphylactic purposes favors the loss of susceptibility among the target organisms, and hence an increasing trend of antibiotic resistance among Vibrio species is likely as suggested by the data present in this review.

Interestingly, the CH 4 yield in the system showed an increasing trend during both light and dark periods, and in some dark periods, the CH 4 yield was greater than or equal to that of the light period.

The study of actinobacterial communities in these island soils may be significant for improving our understanding of Actinobacteria in these habitats, which are special and untapped among all those on Earth.

p < 0.05 was considered significant, and p < 0.01 was considered extremely significant.

While the changes in fungal abundance were small, fungal diversity also showed a decreasing trend.

However, while the percent inhibition for ScyM showed an increasing trend at lower concentrations (1 μM, 5 μM and 25 μM), once the concentration was increased to 75 μM or above, inhibition was unexpectedly decreased to approximately 25% and stayed unchanged despite increasing concentrations ( Figure 4A ).

DOC concentration varied between stations (24.6–41.9 mg C L −1 ) and did not show a clear trend across the transect ( Table 1 ).

The concentrations of nitrate and TN exhibited a decreasing trend from KRE to NCA.

Prior studies reported that soil pH was not only strongly correlated to microbial community and diversity (Lei et al., 2018 ) but also had a highly significant relationship with relative fungal abundance; thus, pH was thought to be a significant factor in determining the distribution of soil microbial community (Oladele et al., 2019 ).

On the other hand, in the overfeeding group, the relative abundance of the dominant phyla of bacteria in each part of the intestinal tract changed with time, i.e., the relative abundance of Firmicutes showed a decreasing trend at the earlier stage and an increasing trend at the later stage, while the relative abundance of Proteobacteria showed an increasing trend at the earlier stage and decreased at a later stage.

Third, the relative abundance of Firmicutes in the jejunum and ileum over time under the states of overfeeding or no overfeeding showed a trend opposite to that of Proteobacteria.

As shown in Figure 6E , there were extremely significant differences in the compositions of Solobacterium , Lactobacillus , Family-XIII-AD3011-group, Eubacterium xylanophilum -group, Eubacterium coprostanoligenes -group, and Bifidobacterium between Tibetan and Yorkshire pigs.

In summary, in terms of SSA, lifestyles significantly affect the community compositions of Chinese gut microbiomes across species, genus, and family levels in all 7 ethnic groups (100%), except for the phylum level where the lifestyle effects are limited or partially significant (28%) in Tibetan and Mongolians but not significant in other 4 ethnic groups, and possibly significant in the Bai ethnic group.

The Bai ethnic group with P = 0.057 is on the boundary of significance and needs further investigation regarding the effects of lifestyles.

The effects of lifestyle were most conspicuous within the Mongol and Zhuang ethnic groups, while this impact was marginally significant in the Tibetan cohorts, and the Uyghur and Kazakh showed the smallest lifestyle-associated distances (Zhang et al., 2015 ).

The mAbG3 at 5, 10, and 20 μg concentrations showed a trend toward the enhancement of infectivity, but the CPE counts were not significantly different from the medium alone ( p > 0.05).

In particular, the deletion of genes encoding an EAL domain alone or in combination with a GGDEF domain resulted in minimal changes to overall c-di-GMP concentration, but highly significant differences in biofilm architecture ( Figures 3 , 4 ).

nidulans , an increasing trend in either NPAAs upon ChoDec supplementation was observed, but the overall amounts of Aib and ACC are substantially lower compared to the other two fungi.

Besides, the macrophage population positive for staining of KUL01 marker showed a trend to increase in proportion in lamina propria from ileum from 20Ch557/H6N2 chickens ( Figure 3C ), as described during LPAIV infection ( Abdul-Cader et al., 2018 ).