Excerpts

While trends in the incidences of congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) remained stable in Taiwan (2004–2011) [ 28 ], a decreasing trend (−31%) was reported in Glasgow (UK) (1980–1997) [ 10 ].

With regard to hypospadias and cryptorchidism, no change in the prevalence of hypospadias was observed in Nova Scotia (Canada) [ 29 ], but an increasing trend was reported in the EU (1999–2008) [ 8 ].

Overall, the DDE/DDT ratios from the 1981 [ 19 ], 2001–2002 [ 18 ], and 2013–2016 (the present study) studies showed an increasing trend reflecting no recent exposure to OCPs among Taiwanese women at childbearing age.

The female Australian general population demonstrated a clear trend of increasing risky drinking with age [ 24 ], whilst for female nurses the trend appeared reversed; trends were similar but less marked for males.

By contrast with the other materials, in the case of cabuya fibers, an increasing trend in dissolved concentrations seemed to occur after about 22 h of contact time.

In the present study, we set January 2006 as a cut-off time point and we observed that PFHxS concentration did not change before and after January 2006, whereas PFOS concentration showed a decreasing trend during both periods.

only reported that maternal PFOS levels were higher between 2000–2002 than between 2007–2008; maternal PFNA levels were lower between 2000–2002 than between 2007–2008, suggesting that there was a decreasing trend of PFOS and an increasing trend of PFNA [ 28 ].

Figure 4 shows the age-adjusted rates for selected countries, and an increasing trend is visible in some countries in the GBD 2016 [ 10 ] measures while the trends based on reported data in Odgerel C.-O.

However, we did not see an increasing trend of risk factors from CT1 to CT8.

A slight trend in the deterioration of OHRQoL by age was observed, but this remained statistically insignificant in all domains.

Variables that were significant (or borderline significant) in the univariate models were included in the multivariate regression model.

With regards to cortical measures, in a sample of first-degree relatives of SCZ, SZA, and BD patients with cluster A personality disorders, nearly significant hypogyria was seen in the PCC and in the bilateral caudal ACC compared with HCs [ 126 ].

New high-value areas have continued to appear, showing a clear trend of expansion from the east to the central and western regions.

The results showed that the PM 2.5 concentration from the various monitoring sites in the five-year period showed a decreasing trend.

A registry-based study in Finland [ 147 ] found a positive trend in T1D incidence with levels of nitrate in drinking water.

Discrimination and prejudice based on radiation exposure differed between areas: the association with health literacy was marginally significant in the evacuation area but not in the non-evacuation area.

Figure 4 b shows the ratio of the PM 2.5 (fine) concentration to the PM 10 (coarse) concentration, and the daily hourly changes did not reveal a significant trend.

Comparing the mean scores obtained from methods M4–M6 (see Table 9 ), all the scores of accessibility show a decreasing trend, which indicates a need for improved accessibility when simultaneously considering the factors of distance-decay, demand population, and supplier capacity and loading.

The value of out-of-pocket expense can indicate patients’ economic burden of disease and shows an increasing trend with the rapid growth of health expenditures.

Water quality modeling and prediction have become extremely significant in the control of water pollution, environmental protection, and the decrease of water-related disorders [ 7 , 8 , 9 ].

Trends in rainy season precipitation (December—January—February) also suggest a decreasing trend for Antsiranana, Farafangana and Vohipeno.

Differences between Sweden and Italy are quite significant and rooted in diverse explanations.

The MORs showed a decreasing trend in TB deaths as a percentage of all deaths from 2011 to 2015, while age groups 30–44 were at most risk of a TB death.

Class 2 (50.0%) contained decedents with a moderate cost of hospitalization that showed a decreasing trend in cost.

After that, the PM 2.5 concentration had a decreasing trend in the third phase since 2014 due to the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan (APPCAP) implemented by the Chinese government.