Excerpts

Despite the different experimental conditions, we found a highly significant overlap (odds ratio [OR] = 27, P < 10 −16 ) ( Fig. 1 C).

The analysis revealed a highly significant interaction network among the differentially abundant proteins ( p < 1.0 -16 ), indicating that down-regulation of these protein interactions may play a crucial role in modulating intracellular biological processes in pigs fed a BET diet. 3.2.

We found a strong and highly significant correlation between CpG O/E estimates in ortholog genes in S. mimosarum and S. dumicola (Pearson’s rho = 0.78 (0.77–0.79), p < 10 −16 ) ( Figure S9 ).

This was again underpinned by the ANOVA analysis, reporting a highly significant influence of the flyer ( p < 10 − 16 ), but only a weak influence of the base ( p ≈ 0.086 ).

The resulting network comprised 14 nodes and 87 edges with a highly significant enrichment (p-value <1.0e–16), indicating nonrandom functional connectivity among apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative-stress regulators.

Indeed we observed for all species a highly significant correlation between GC content and thermodynamic stability and folding strength (Spearman’s rho =0.239, p -value <10 -16 for all lincRNAs considering folding strength) as observed in [ 49 ].

First, and as noted by other studies [ 19 , 20 ], we saw a highly significant difference ( P << 10 -16 ) in the AFS of silent versus missense variants (Figure 5a ) with a skew towards rare alleles in the latter, so that approximately 63% of missense variants were <1% in frequency whereas approximately 53% of silent variants fell into this category.

These results show that all four topological measures provide highly significant ( p -value < 1e-16) enrichment in pathogen targets, with betweenness and clustering coefficient displaying highest enrichment, thereby demonstrating the added value of incorporating PPI data into inferred networks for a generalizable approach to identify target regulatory nodes within networks.

We did a survival analysis with the 82 commonly downregulated genes in lung cancer using KM plotter, and an extremely significant favorable outcome was associated with higher expression of the set of genes (H = 0.35, p < 1 × 10 −16 ) in lung cancer patients ( Figure 4 C).

A highly significant proportion of these genes (Figure 4A and B and Supplementary file 5) (599, hypergeometric P < 1e−16) are also within 25 kb of 961 TP53 binding sites, potentially representing direct TP53-induced target genes (Figure 4B and C ), many of which, such as CDKN1A , are associated with multiple TP53 sites.

Comparing gametic disequilibrium between high-sugar and control populations for SNPs showing positive selection unique to the high-sugar regime revealed a small but highly significant negative correlation (r = −0.06, P < 10 −16 ).

Results Strong, negative association between elevation & lung cancer incidence Performing best subset regression for each cancer, we found a highly significant, strong negative association between elevation and lung cancer incidence with a standardized coefficient ( β z ) of −0.35 99% CI [−0.46, −0.25] ( p < 10 −16 , one-tailed t -test) ( Table 2 ).

In particular, there was a highly significant overlap ( p < 1E-16, one-sided Fisher’s exact test) between the top 56 enriched cytobands from the CBTN cohort and a top set of 79 enriched cytobands from the PCAWG cohort, involving 29 cytobands (Figure S1e).

As reported in the Results section, the resulting network showed a highly significant protein–protein interaction enrichment ( p -value = 1 × 10−16), indicating that the observed interactions are far more frequent than expected for a random set of proteins of comparable size.

Statistical analysis (MANOVA) of the original data obtained from the cell populations indicated a highly significant difference between them (p<10 −16 ) suggesting that the nuclear SIRT1 pattern reflects structural differences in the nuclei between the cell populations.

The resulting network comprised 78 nodes and 254 edges, exhibiting a highly significant PPI enrichment ( p < 1.0e-16, Figure 4 ).

STRING analysis revealed a highly significant enrichment of protein–protein interactions (PPI enrichment p < 1.0 × 10 −16 ), confirming that the identified proteins are functionally connected rather than randomly associated.

The discovery and validation gene counts were 2.8 and 1.2 enriched respectively in the 38 Cluster 2-like NPH astrocytes and highly significant (chi-square test of expected versus observed UMIs; p < 1E-16).

This test yielded highly significant results for both similarity types (Functional and Taxonomic) across all three runs (Taxonomic: H-statistic 80.64–107.68.64.68, p < 1e-16; Functional: H-statistic = 380.5–457.7, p < 1e-80), indicating that at least one category distribution differed from all the others.

Twenty-four GST peptide isoforms were identified under seven different classes with a highly significant protein-protein interaction between GST groups and within other detoxification metabolism-related peptides ( p -value < 1.0 × 10 −16 ).

When we considered individual pathogenic CNVs that were not overlapped by benign CNVs (that is, exclusively pathogenic regions), a mean of 37.3% of the genes were developmental genes compared with 24.2% of benign CNV genes (medians 28.4% and 0%, respectively), a highly significant difference ( P <1.0 × 10 −16 , Mann–Whitney U -test).

Moreover, using paired t tests to validate these differences, we found highly significant differences between the observed distributions of FD and PD and the null models ( P < 10 −16 , t test).

However, when considering the overall number of associations per source and the number of highly significant associations (-log 10 (p) ≥ 16), clear differences emerge.

The network displayed an average target degree of 4.97 and a local clustering coefficient of 0.514, indicating a highly significant PPI enrichment (p-value <1.0e-16).

The difference in degree of nucleotide conservation between the IDR and the remainder of the molecule is highly significant ( P <10 −16 ), and indicates a dramatically higher level of divergence for the IDR-encoding portion of the mammalian TS transcript.