Their total physical activity was borderline significant, with slightly more activity in the high-income group (OR 1.36; 1.00–1.84), but no significant differences for work- and travel-related physical activity.
Excerpts
a clear trendgold
As expected, the results from these reviews show a clear trend towards an association between low SES and increased risk of obesity.
This phenomenon has been observed elsewhere, as a recent Spanish study showed rates of healthcare workers approaching 31 %, and a decreasing trend after the year 2009 [ 23 ].
Socioeconomic position, social relations, and not completing a secondary education Table 3 shows that young people from the lowest socioeconomic position families had approximately a 3-fold higher risk of not completing a secondary education compared to young people from the highest socioeconomic position families (Model 1), and a significant trend was seen across socioeconomic groups.
Among women, immigrants from Former Yugoslavia had significantly increased risk of stroke compared to ethnic Norwegians, and immigrants from South Asia had an excess risk that was borderline significant according to the confidence intervals.
While race itself was not found to be significant in the models, it is known to be highly correlated with those factors that are highly significant, including poverty, income and employment.
With an increasing trend of internal migration in China since the 1990s, it is important to further evaluate the distinction between local and non-local hukou as a critical factor in predicting children’s health status in future research, when the data become available.
When estimated with 2SRI, the effects of smoking status on body weight were consistent and the residuals inserted into the second stage were highly significant (Table 3 ), indicating that smoking status was endogenous ( Appendix ).
Unfortunately, several reports from LMICs have shown an increasing trend of childhood injuries, possibly related to the higher prevalence of these injuries as well as limited resources available to address the problem [ 3 – 7 ].
A study in the US including data from 1999 to 2010 described an increasing trend in the prevalence of obesity amongst children and adolescents [ 18 ].
Among women, apart from the category of the shortest working hours, there was an increasing trend of risk of poor health with an increase of working hours.
The associations with job satisfaction were significant for men (OR = 1.34 (95 % CI = 1.11–1.63)) and were borderline significant for women (OR = 1.43 (95 % CI = 0.98–2.08)).
Additional analyses (data not shown) using each country as reference category in turn indicated that, across both categories of intervention strategies, Portuguese adolescents gave higher acceptance scores than Polish adolescents (although the difference for strategies promoting healthy eating was only marginally significant), and that Polish adolescents gave higher acceptance scores than Dutch and UK adolescents.
At the end of the hospitalization period, any beneficial effect of the supplementation was observed on body composition but after 9 weeks home supplementation, the change in body composition was highly significant from baseline (+11 % body mass).
The association was highly significant in both groups (Table 2 ).
This categorisation is conceptual (bullying concerns repeated acts), but it is supported by empirical research showing that there are large and highly significant differences between these groups on internalising problems (for victims) and externalising problems (for bullies) [ 47 ].
Correlates of school health improvement As indicated in Table 3 , school size had small positive correlations with most health improvement activities indicating a trend toward more health improvement activity in larger schools, though in no cases was this significant, approaching significance only for coverage of healthy food policy and promotion of active travel.
Although similar associations were apparent for diet they just failed to reach significance (Table 3 ).
Recent studies have shown a decreasing trend in N. gonorrhoeae infections but an increase in C. trachomatis notification rates over the last decade in Europe has been observed [ 1 ].
In Model 4, for men, we also found that alters who accepted IPV and lived in the same household were highly significant predictors of mens’ IPV norms.
Among obese males and females, those who had experienced weight control failure showed a trend towards a greater magnitude of suicidal ideation if they were of low, but not high, income status.
Similar to males, overall female suicide rates showed a decreasing trend from 56.5 per million in 2000 to 41.1 per million in 2007.
There was statistical evidence of a decreasing trend in suicides from all methods until 2006 in men aged <35 years (APC −6.2, 95 % CI −7.9 to −4.5) and an increasing trend in middle aged men (men aged 35–64 years) from 2007 onwards (APC 3.0, 95 % CI 1.7 to 4.4).
In the present study, while a majority of participants perceived that family, a partner and friends would be supportive of their making a quit attempt, nevertheless quite significant proportions also reported either that such people would be unsupportive of a quit attempt or that they were uncertain of their support (family 18 %; partner 29 % and friends 32 %), indicating a need for further research to explore their potential to play a role in smoking cessation interventions for this group.
1e , there has been an increasing trend of published articles from other countries.