Excerpts

However, when examining the mean scores of these scales according to the official four-category urban classification, results showed that the difference in mean scores by formal urban classification were highly significant for all three scales (Fig. 1 ).

Although Turkey produces and exports fruit and vegetable the consumption of fruit and vegetable shows a decreasing trend [ 36 ] and dietary patterns differ substantially between regions and income groups.

no pmc-prop-is-real-version no pmc-prop-is-scanned-article no pmc-prop-preprint no pmc-prop-in-epmc yes pmc-license-ref CC BY issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2016 Background South Africa has experienced an acceleration in the reduction of child mortality since 2006 [ 1 ] and a reversal of an increasing trend in maternal mortality ratios [ 2 ].

This categorisation is conceptual (bullying concerns repeated acts), but it is supported by empirical research showing that there are large and highly significant differences between these groups on internalising problems (for victims) and externalising problems (for bullies) [ 47 ].

Since SHS contains several thousand toxins and many carcinogens [ 2 ], the hazards associated with this exposure are likely to be significant.

For women, increasing education showed significant negative linear trend for high waist-to-hip ratio and low fruit and vegetable intake, but a positive trend for excessive alcohol intake (Table 4 ).

Finally, being female predicted a greater likelihood of attaining a first episode of stability, although the association was marginally significant.

One of the most common chronic conditions with an increasing trend is e.g. asthma [ 12 ].

Correlates of school health improvement As indicated in Table 3 , school size had small positive correlations with most health improvement activities indicating a trend toward more health improvement activity in larger schools, though in no cases was this significant, approaching significance only for coverage of healthy food policy and promotion of active travel.

A comparison of the injury rates in clusters 5 and 6 shows that the difference between the two groups is barely significant.

Blue Point's and DPA’s combined share of distributed and collected syringes, and number of both all and new clients declined over time, but their combined share of client contacts showed an increasing trend (Fig. 2 ).

Although similar associations were apparent for diet they just failed to reach significance (Table 3 ).

Recent studies have shown a decreasing trend in N. gonorrhoeae infections but an increase in C. trachomatis notification rates over the last decade in Europe has been observed [ 1 ].

Data generated through this survey will not only provide a valuable snapshot of the HIV epidemic in MSM but will also offer an important trend analysis of the epidemiology of HIV and other STIs over time across Europe.

Furthermore, there was a clear trend with increasing blood pressure, BMI, and waist measure with increasing resting heart rate.

In Model 4, for men, we also found that alters who accepted IPV and lived in the same household were highly significant predictors of mens’ IPV norms.

One surprising result was that women in urban areas were slightly less likely to use family planning, but this was only marginally significant.

Suicide by drowning was stable from 1969 to 1982 and then followed a decreasing trend through 2012 (APC = −3.0 %).

Suicide rates by poisoning followed an increasing trend from 1969 to 1982 (APC = 5.7 %) and then decreased continuously through 2012 with an APC of −2.7 %.

Among obese males and females, those who had experienced weight control failure showed a trend towards a greater magnitude of suicidal ideation if they were of low, but not high, income status.

Similar to males, overall female suicide rates showed a decreasing trend from 56.5 per million in 2000 to 41.1 per million in 2007.

There was statistical evidence of a decreasing trend in suicides from all methods until 2006 in men aged <35 years (APC −6.2, 95 % CI −7.9 to −4.5) and an increasing trend in middle aged men (men aged 35–64 years) from 2007 onwards (APC 3.0, 95 % CI 1.7 to 4.4).

Several studies in developed countries have shown an increasing trend in the prevalence of hypertension [ 6 , 7 ], while many studies also indicated an increasing trend in hypertension prevalence in China [ 8 – 11 ].

After additional adjustment for education, work status, physical activity at work, BMI and smoking, significant associations with physical activity in leisure time were no longer seen in the total data set, although categorical and linear effects nearly reached significance in men (Table 2 ).

Some Australian research suggests that effects of parental supply on adolescent alcohol use may be significant when alcohol use is unsupervised rather than supervised, but there is insufficient research on the moderating effects of supervision to draw firm conclusions [ 14 ].