Excerpts

The incidence rate showed a positive trend over 11 years for all age groups and syndromes.

Sleeping habits ranged from ≥7 h for 38% of the individuals and less than 5 hours for 17% of the individuals, with a clear trend of more sleeping hours in individuals living in municipalities (Additional file 1 : Table S1).

Some of our findings reflect an encouraging trend: participants < 18 years old were, for example, more likely to be diagnosed with SCD by age four compared to those > = 18 years old, had fewer SCD diagnoses in the acute setting, and more SCD diagnoses prompted by targeted testing due to a family history of SCD.

Likewise, the rate of caesarean delivery was low among older women in Bihar, while it had an increasing trend with the increasing age of women in Tamil Nadu.

Male exclusive former SLT users aged 65+ had borderline significant HRs of 1.43 (95% CI: 1.00–2.05) for smoking-related diseases and 1.44 (95% CI: 0.99–2.11) for SLT-related diseases.

When considering health status, religiosity was a moderately significant predictor of self-care and may mediate the relationship between perceived health status and T2DM self-care.

There was a borderline significant difference in percent weight loss across education subgroups at 12 months only, with the greatest percent weight loss among those with a high school education or less ( p = 0.05) Notably, 60% in this group (high school education or less) reported they were retired.

Psychosis-related visits were not significantly reduced, and alcohol-related visits were reduced at a level that approached significance (Table 1 ).

However; it was reported that malaria incidence is showing a decreasing trend in Ethiopia that could reduce the public’s perception of the disease [ 8 , 24 ].

There was a significant trend towards higher readmission rates based on income quartile (Fig. 2 D).

Generally, in each output, the Z-score is high and positive with a highly significant p -value which showed 99% confidence for clustering of undernutrition across regions in Ethiopia (Fig. 2 A-D).

Given the large sample size, the p -value is likely to be significant even when differences may not be meaningful.

Another study, on the other hand, reported that there was a decreasing trend of perceived drug risk in conjunction with the increasing usage of drugs [ 58 ].

Another Cochrane review published in 2016 found that legislative smoking bans clearly lead to a reduction in exposure to SHS, strong evidence from the included studies supports a decline in admissions for acute coronary syndrome and a weak trend for a decrease in active smoking [ 30 ].

Moreover, evidence shows a decreasing trend in active smokers over years following smoking bans.

After adjusting for inflation, all three types of sales showed a significant trend of increasing value of per capita monthly sales over time pre-pandemic.

did alcohol sales increase because of an overall trend of increased consumer spending or due to factors more specific to alcohol).

Comparing data between 2017 and 2019, there was an increasing trend of people who gave correct answers equal to and more than two score points.

Similarly, women who were heavy drinkers from the USA had a strong trend of having abdominal obesity, but this was not statistically significant (OR = 2.44, p = 0.090).

Only marginally significant treatment effects are observed among children having low birthweight (significance at 10%).

Since the likelihood ratio (LR) test showed highly significant test statistics (LR = 1086.53) for the random effects logistic model, the unobserved heterogeneity was significant, and panel estimation methods were needed in this study.

Results IHD Prevalence The overall temporal trend for crude IHD prevalence during the study period was on average a decreasing trend, where the maximum occurred in the first year of the study (1998) with 13.01% prevalence, and the minimum occurred in 2010 with 10.35% prevalence, see Fig. 1 for the unadjusted prevalence rate over time.

However, there appeared to be a possible trend of widening differences between groups over time (Fig. 2 A).

In addition, there was a slight trend for higher EMH in prostate cancer patients associated with higher income.

For breast cancer in mothers, baseline rates of any breastfeeding at 6 months after birth were used, as evidence suggests that the effect of breastfeeding on the incidence of breast cancer may be significant from 6 months of breastfeeding onwards [ 17 , 18 ].