Excerpts

Graur reported a highly significant correlation between the nonsynonymous substitution rate ( Ka ) and amino acid composition in mammalian proteins ( R 2 : ~0.38), and thus he proposed that composition and changeability of amino acids are the main factor determining evolutionary rate rather than other factors such as functionality 11 .

MSA with crural closure), there was a clear trend of crural closure resulting in superior reflux control and gastrointestinal symptom relief without increasing dysphagia rates.

Rainwater d-excess mostly showed a trend of lowering of values across the latitudes, indicating rainfall evaporation and recycling 8 , 29 , whereas only very few samples showed higher d-excess values (12.5, 29.3 and 47.8‰).

Our nationwide data from 2009–2011 in a larger number of patients did not however suggest an increasing trend of TDR in Ethiopia up to then.

At day 21 this trend was maintained, with a highly significant increase in AR-S concentration in response to 135 μg/ml treatment - roughly 16 times that of the control.

For instance, an increasing trend in the prevalence of obesity was reported among Korean adults (i.e., from 26.9% in 1998 to 32.0% in 2011) 19 .

Considering the numerous factors which govern protein stability 53 , 54 , it is not surprising that such a positive trend remains moderate.

A slightly increasing trend (~99.4 m 3 /s/decade) is observed for the minimum winter discharge (the lowest daily discharge throughout the winter months (December-January-February)), in the second part of the 20 th century (Fig. 5a ).

At NH scale, there is an overall trend towards later ice freeze (~0.57 days/decade) and earlier ice breakup (~0.63 days/decade) 6 .

In the case of methylethyl-GS and 4RBGS, the p-values were nearly significant.

While the same preference was seen in two of them, with a clear trend in at least one other, it is inevitably risky to extrapolate to the behaviour of all P. falciparum parasites.

As shown in Table 1 , the juice gradually became turbid with time, the total number of dominant microorganisms and acidity both increased faster confirmed by decreased pH values, and there was an increasing trend in conductivity with time, as spoilage progressed.

5A shows a clear trend with a progressive increase of the absorption edge as the treatment temperature rises from 700 °C to 1000 °C.

Importantly, however, there were highly significant three-way interactions between these factors, suggesting that age had different effects on the two control manipulations.

A statistical analysis (Wilcoxon rank sum test) showed a highly significant difference between DArTseq and DArT-based screening results (Supplementary Table S3 ).

There was a highly significant association between Hda1-regulation and genes involved in capsule, melanin, and mating, consistent with the observed hda1Δ mutant phenotypes.

Significance was set at P < 0.05, and 0.05 < P < 0.10 was viewed as a trend towards significance.

1c ), and although the gene expression of catalase, superoxide dismutase 1 showed a trend to decrease in the presence of taurine, it was not significant (Fig. 1d ).

In addition, adjusted Cox proportional-hazards regression analysis showed a trend towards higher risk of RRT with lower calcium levels at baseline (Supplementary Table S11 ).

In the first set of experimental materials, we found a significant difference for larvae production, growth, and adhesive rates between the hyposalinity adaptation and control population; the difference between the growth and adhesive rate reached a highly significant level.

Furthermore, the number of ice days showed negative trends at all meteorological stations, but most of the entire eastern stations didn’t show a significant trend.

Overall, though the four extremal indices showed an increasing trend, the rate of change in the minimum temperature was greater than that of the maximum temperature; thus, the minimum temperature contributed most strongly to the overall temperature increases.

The agro-pastoral ecotone that we studied is a transitional zone between regions with a continental climate and regions with a monsoon climate, so climate change in this region is unstable, and the impact of land-use changes caused by human activities on regional temperature increases may be significant.

The smoothed data (red lines, based on the 10-year running average, with a sampling proportion = 0.18) for TN10 and TX10 showed a decreasing trend, with fluctuations, but with a predominantly upward trend after the 1990s (Fig. 1 ).

In the absence of leptin, siXbp1 led to downregulation of XBP1s protein and a strong trend of decreasing its mRNA (Fig. 4A,B ).