Excerpts

However the pooled regression model exhibits potential biases by failing to consider hierarchical effects, evidenced by elevated coefficients for variables. In Table 7 , the ML model exhibits a robust model fit, evidenced by a highly significant Wald chi-square statistic (1439.560, p < 0.000) and a low residual variance (0.023 with a standard error of 0.001), signifying that the model significantly accounts for variability in the data.

Adjustment for baseline smoking There is a highly significant correlation (r = 0.95, p < 0.000 for males and r = 0.85, p < 0.000 for females) between the standardised residuals (school effects) for Model 1 when baseline smoking is adjusted for and when it is not (This is further illustrated by comparing Figure 3B and Figure 3C ).

Between 1981 and 2015 there was a highly significant upwards trend in the number of studies analysing NCD media debates published per year (Poisson regression coefficient 0.113, p < 0.000) (Fig. 1 ).

This difference in CES-D scores between men who reported non-fatal suicidal behaviour and those who did not was highly significant ( p < .000).

Nevertheless, when we compared health care providers (HCP) to non-HCP, we observed a significant trend only in the former group: 59% of HCP agreed with the tobacco control policies at baseline and 80.5% agreed with them after the 2 nd law (p = 0.000) (data not shown).

As most tested associations were highly significant ( p < 10 − 10 ), precise p-values are reported only for those with p > 10 − 10 .

As indicated by the far from overlapping confidence intervals (CI) for these estimates, the differences between the two dementia caregiver groups is highly significant ( t = 4.87, p < 1 × 10 -6 ).

Females from 1999 to 2008 showed a negative trend (APC − 0.9298%/year, 95% CI: -1.2649 to -0.5937, P = 0.000038), changing into an upward trend shift from 2008 to 2018 (APC 0.9979%/year, 95% CI: 0.6830 to 1.3138, P = 0.000008), continuing through 2018 up until 2021 (APC 8.0298%/year, 95% CI: 4.7989 to 11.3602, P = 0.000085) (Fig. 3 C).

Results The proportion of mothers not breastfeeding at four months of age showed a highly significant trend across the neighbourhood strata (p = 0.00004): from 16.3% (< 10% with low purchasing power) to 29.4% (≥ 30% with low purchasing power), yielding an OR of 2.24 (95% confidence interval: 1.45-3.16).

Odds ratios (ORs) for high SBP, high DBP and high BP were significantly greater in OW and OB children than NW group, and showed a trend increase correlating with obesity stages (all P <0.0001).

The effect of ever having been diagnosed with a mental health condition was highly significant as a main effect (p<0.0001) but did not differ significantly by ethnicity or age.

There was a highly significant association between race and housing status, with p < 0.0001.

(2003) [ 57 ] documented a substantial and highly significant (p<0.0001) increase in hospitalization of replacement-fed infants compared with their breast-fed counterparts; several limitations were mentioned regarding the interpretation of the data.

There was a highly significant difference between level of income of countries and the rate of beginning implementation (LRS 27.2; 3 d.f.; P < 0.0001), this difference being almost entirely accounted for by the difference between high income countries and the others.

Results There was an increasing trend in overall firearm injuries between 2010 and 2020 among adults in this large integrated healthcare system ( p < .0001), primarily driven by non-self-inflicted firearm injuries ( p < .0001).

Tests of the year main effect revealed a decreasing trend for wrist ( p <.0001), an increasing trend for vertebral ( p =.0012), and no statistically significant change for humerus ( p =.2226).

All these effects were highly significant (p < 0.0001).

The apparent 10.2/7.6 mmHg difference between inpatients and outpatients was only slightly reduced to 8.0/5.1 mmHg after adjustment for baseline and remained highly significant (p < 0.0001/p < 0.0001) even after correction for cluster effects.

The difference in work-up result between referred and non-referred subjects was highly significant (p < 0.0001).

In the full sample (ages 40–75), the first-stage Kleibergen–Paap rk Wald F is ≈9.16 (borderline strength), yet the Anderson–Rubin and Stock–Wright weak-IV-robust tests are highly significant (p≈0.0001), indicating a positive effect of retirement on depressive symptoms under weak-IV-robust inference.

The stepwise backward logistic regression procedure revealed a highly significant model (model χ 2 = 720, 25 df, p < 0.0001) with the factor COUNTRY as the most significant factor (Table 3 ).

An objective validation of the self-reported smoking history of a randomly selected sub-sample immigrant group, using expired carbon monoxide (CO) measurements, showed a highly significant correlation coefficient (r = 0.64) of expired CO levels with the reported number of cigarettes consumed (p < 0.0001).

After adjusting for potential confounders (multivariable Poisson regression analysis), the positive correlation between WDD and FGPD remained highly significant, β:0.15(95%CI 0.13–0.16, P < 0.0001), Furthermore, the negative correlation between WDD and attaining tertiary education,β:0.05(95% CI:-0.095- -0.0005) remained significant after running a multivariable analysis (Table 2 ).

At the anterior end of the inflection point, there was no significant trend in current asthma risk with increasing log 1-Hydroxynaphthalene [0.90 (0.65, 1.25), p = 0.5418], whereas there was a significant trend in current asthma risk with increasing log 1-Hydroxynaphthalene at the posterior end of the inflection point [1.46 (1.27, 1.68), p < 0.0001].

All of the smoking behavior groups exhibited a positive trend in BMI (trend test p < 0.0001) (Table 3 ).