Excerpts

After adjustment for age, smoking status, alcohol consumption, diabetes and family history of hypertension, anthropometric indices showed no significant associations, but an increasing trend similar to that for the unadjusted model was maintained.

Risk of hypertension increased with increasing SES, although the odds ratio for hypertension in the highest level of SES relative to the lowest did not quite reach statistical significance.

There indeed seems to be an increasing trend in medication use but adding calendar year to the models to take this into account did not change the results reported here.

No significant difference was found between boys and girls with respect to the number of meals served outside the home, but a positive trend with age was observed for students with more meals served outside.

Child age has somewhat significant non linear effect to childhood anaemia (Figure 2 ) since the variance parameter for the effect of child age is not zero (Table 3 ).

Only those variables that were significant or borderline significant in bi-variate analysis were included in multivariate analysis.

Jonckheere’s test revealed a significant trend in the data; as the frequency of physical activity increased participants reported feeling healthier (J = 38317, z = 4.196, r = −0.19) and fitter (J = 35932, z = 2.564, r = −0.12).

Changes in physical activity groups The descriptive analyses showed a negative trend, independently of setting.

Our finding of high prevalence of risk behaviour among ever-testers is not uncommon [ 22 , 23 ] but nonetheless denotes an interesting trend.

Contrary to our hypothesis, we found an inverse association between the access to convenience stores and obesity and we only observed a borderline significant association between access to fast food outlets and fast food consumption in the urban strata.

Annual human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection rates among entry travelers in Yunnan According to the results of HIV-1 screening, the HIV-1 infection rate showed a decreasing trend overall (Figure 2 ), although the infection rate of 2006 seemed to be is abnormal.

However, the proportion of those aged 40–50 years showed an increasing trend, from 9.35% in 2003 to 27.21% in 2012 (Figure 3 A).

When using complete cases, neither of these predictors was significantly associated with childhood overweight although their ORs approached significance.

Sensitivity analysis including GDP did not alter our conclusions in a practically significant way.

Highly significant positive correlations were found between agricultural biodiversity and NARs of calcium, iron, zinc, vitamin A, B6, C, folate, riboflavin, protein and energy, indicating the very strong relationship between dietary adequacy and biodiversity.

However, only 87.9 % of participants reported following the first step, and subsequently, there was a decreasing trend with only 73.3 %, 63.3 %, 34.2 %, 30.8 %, 26.7 %, 42.9 %, and 75.0 % reported performing the remaining steps 2 to 8, respectively (Table 2 ).

A decreasing trend in cardiovascular disease mortality compared with an increased mortality from ill-defined causes was observed in the last decades in the city of Rio de Janeiro, suggesting that these cardiovascular deaths may have been included among the poorly defined causes [ 17 , 42 ].

Although the BIC continued to increase when adding a sixth class (Additional file 1 : Table S1), the increase was now smaller and the LMR test was only borderline significant.

Another explanation may include a possible trend in Canada toward middle class or wealthy populations living in older, more established neighbourhoods and homes.

In addition, an increased risk for men was observed in the first 3 days after transition which was barely significant (RR 1.155, 95 % CI 1.000–1.334).

A 6-year longitudinal cohort of Australian primary schoolchildren showed a trend for obesity to increase in the mid socioeconomic status group over the 6 years from 2007 to 2012 [ 39 ].

Analysis of DHS data from 14 countries between 1986–2003 suggests a decreasing trend in continued feeding in a majority of countries [ 6 ].

In addition, boys whose mothers and fathers both had chronic pain showed a trend toward greater social competence.

The differences in life expectancy are highly significant for all rows (all t > 20).

We noted that food groups indicating greater stability were also amongst those presenting highly significant changes in average intakes.