Excerpts

Compared with CK, the Shannon and Chao1 indices showed decreasing trends in the JF_198 treatment group, whereas the Simpson index showed an increasing trend based on predefined pairwise comparisons.

Butyric acid and acetic acid levels were markedly reduced in the LPS group, while propionic acid also showed a decreasing trend.

Introduction Stenotrophomonas maltophilia has emerged as an important opportunistic pathogen on a global scale, with a worrying trend toward multidrug resistance ( Trifonova and Strateva, 2019 ; Brooke, 2021 ).

This band showed a decreasing trend in any of the tested conditions, but such trend was clearly more marked in the case of stimulation by both LPS and Pg -OMVs.

Kentucky has been consistently detected in surveillance and has shown an increasing trend over time.

Although the age × sex interaction was not significant, descriptive comparison of the data suggested a notable trend of higher STP in hens at 1 and 2 years of age, which diminished in older birds; however, these within-age sex comparisons should be interpreted with caution.

Investigating immune regulation mediated by gut microbial metabolites has become an important trend in this field.

In terms of physiological indicators ( Figure 6 ), without the inoculation of the strain, the soluble protein (SP) content showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with the increase of Cd and Ni concentrations, while the activities of SOD, POD and the content of MDA all increased with the increase of stress concentration.

At the family level ( Figure 7B ), Veillonellaceae, Leptotrichiaceae, Actinomycetaceae, Fusobacteriaceae, and Micrococcaceae were significantly reduced in PSCI (all q < 0.05), while Streptococcaceae showed an increasing trend without reaching significance.

Notably, the prevalence of HPV 16 infection reached 32% in the cancer group, demonstrating a highly significant difference compared to the control group ( Singh et al., 2015 ).

Enriched genera such as Bifidobacterium , Lactobacillus , and Clostridium may directly produce indole-3-lactic acid, indole-3-aldehyde, or related metabolites, whereas Bacteroides , one of the major taxa associated with tryptophanase activity, showed a decreasing trend ( Wang et al., 2019 ).

Path analysis showed that plant communities had a highly significant positive effect on soil properties, which in turn indirectly influenced microbial community structure and functions.

Permutation tests identified highly significant effects for Cu, KTF, Ca, P, SP, SMo, SMn, Co, KRBCF, ZnTF, CuTF, MnTF, Cr, ZnSBCF, PSBCF, RMo, SZn, AlTF, S, EC and SoilWC, AlSBCF and As ( Supplementary Table S7 ).

In a study based on a population with giant common bile duct stones, researchers reported abnormal bile acid metabolism, with significant enrichment of free bile acids in the group with giant common bile duct stones and a decreasing trend of combined bile acid abundance ( Dai et al., 2023 ).

An increasing trend in antimicrobial resistance was observed among E. coli isolates, particularly against fluoroquinolones, cephalosporins, and carbapenems, while nitrofurantoin retained comparatively lower resistance rates.

A numerical trend toward increased BW was also observed in the R22 group on days 21 and 40.

There is an increasing trend in the carbapenem resistance pattern since their emergence, with variations in the prevalence of carbapenemase gene variants ( Beig et al., 2024 ).

Compared with the db/db group, the MDI in the db/db + PD group showed an increasing trend, although the difference did not reach statistical significance ( p > 0.05).

Nitrate nitrogen increased with the growth process, and total nitrogen showed a decreasing trend; spatially, the surface soil had “surface enrichment” characteristics in pH (during EP), carbon and nitrogen nutrients, and water content (during EP and LP).

Although ATC has historically been considered uncommon in adults, recent reports suggest an increasing trend in prevalence ( Leung et al., 2020 ).

The alpha diversity assessed by the Shannon index showed a decreasing trend in gut microbial diversity in patients with CRA, but this trend did not reach statistical significance.

Globally, there has been an increasing trend in the detection rates of azole-resistant A. fumigatus strains.

The expression of two genes of the pilus encoding operon comG, comGA , and comGF showed a trend toward modest upregulation in the 3 strains upon choline supplementation ( Figure 3 ). 4.

KO entries and COG functional categories showing nominally significant differences between the two groups were identified.

nucleatum showed a trend towards enrichment in the colon cancer group in species composition analysis and clustering heatmaps, it did not reach significance in either LEfSe or ANCOM-BC2 analyses.