Excerpts

Sensitivity analyses restricted to LMIC studies found a marginally significant protective effect on PE (RR 0.86, 95% CI: 0.76–0.99, I 2 40%, 11 studies, n = 6883); there were no changes in the direction or significance in other primary outcomes.

Lee et al., in a study carried out by Columbia University, [ 37 ] describe gender differences as being highly significant in quality of life perceived.

In a meta-analysis of cohort studies, women with higher versus lower baseline serum levels of 25(OH)D had a barely significant 8% lower incidence of breast cancer [ 91 ]; the inverse association was limited to premenopausal women.

For +276G > T (rs1501299), we obtained borderline significant associations.

Despite efforts to decrease alcohol intake, an increasing trend has been observed worldwide for alcohol consumption per capita over time from 5.5 L in 2005 to 6.4 L in 2016.

In men, soju consumption, contributing the highest percentage to the total alcohol consumption, was a peak in 2007–2009, and then a decreasing trend was found from 2007–2009 to 2016–2018 ( p for trend = 0.035, data not shown).

As shown in Figure 3 B, after the correction, while a decreasing trend was observed between Con mice at baseline and after intervention, a trend of increase was observed between the baseline LCKD and LCKD + T after intervention.

In detail, from data reported in Table 6 , the levels of AEA did not change in plasma, liver and VAT, though in the latter tissue, the Schy fed group showed a trend of 42% increase when compared to MilkFat.

UCP-3 also showed a trend towards up-regulation in the Flinax-supplemented rats ( Figure 6 C).

A greater part of the variability in blood lipid concentrations could be explained by the additive effects of several SNPs, which, taken individually, may only have small, and barely significant, effects [ 10 , 11 ].

A study performed in the United States about the trends of vitamin D concentrations showed that non-Hispanic Whites but not Hispanics and Blacks-showed a slight trend towards an increase in vitamin D levels from the year 1998 to 2010; however, Mexican-Americans in this study did not show this variation [ 20 ].

They observed a significant decrease in the total IBS-SSS score in the probiotic group, which—like in our study—was mainly due to a highly significant reduction in abdominal pain levels and an improved quality of life.

Intervention with formula supplementation in addition to breastfeeding during early life (before 1-month old) showed a trend toward reduced rehospitalization rate and did not interfere with breastfeeding later in life [ 23 ], suggesting that fully feeding infants by employing supplementation with formula is more beneficial to infants than exclusively breastfeeding.

Female participants with higher coffee consumption showed an increasing trend in risks for abdominal obesity ( p for trend = 0.0043), high blood pressure ( p for trend <0.0001), and high FPG ( p for trend <0.0001).

A meta-analysis of 13 prospective studies, with 397,296 participants, showed that wine consumption was associated with a significant reduction of the risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), with a pooled relative risk of 0.85, whereas beer or spirits consumption led to a slight trend towards a decreasing risk for T2DM (relative risk 0.96 and 0.95, respectively) [ 70 ].

In women, beer-abstainers showed lower relative odds for WC gain compared with their very low-level drinking counterparts (1 to <125 mL/day), which was close to significance.

Satisfaction with Study Diets When comparing both diets after completing both phases, a clear trend was observed with respect to diet preference—participants preferred the diet they were assigned to first ( Figure 4 ).

The ingestion of 5 g sorbitol provoked a highly significant increase in H 2 excretion as compared with healthy subjects [ 39 ].

However, after adjusting for BMI, we observed a marginally significant relationship, where a higher CQI was associated with a smaller increase in WC (2.0 ± 0.1 vs. 2.4 ± 0.1 in highest vs. lowest quartile, p -trend = 0.04).

One study reports a clear trend towards a reduced BMD in preterm infants, but no significant difference was found [ 47 ], whereas others report significantly reduced bone mineral density in former preterm infants when compared to term infants [ 48 , 49 ].

There is quite significant evidence on the role of breastfeeding in terms of these effects [ 1 , 3 , 7 , 8 ].

Early French observations recorded patients beginning HEN at the mean age of 5.4 years old and a decreasing trend.

In the TRE group, irisin levels increased during the dietary intervention, following a decreasing trend between weeks 7 and 12.

An increasing trend in breastfeeding practices in Hong Kong has been reported, after persistent efforts to publicize the benefits of breastfeeding through large-scale campaigns [ 1 ].

Over the last few decades, there has been an increasing trend in the incidence of AD and food allergy, especially noticeable in highly developed countries, which is associated with a strict hygiene regime, increased use of detergents, low number of children per family, altered nutritional habits, frequent antibiotic therapy, low incidence of infectious diseases, and high numbers of Cesarean sections [ 9 ].