Excerpts

Results for GWAS were separately described in Table 8 and Table 9 depending on whether p -value was adequately significant ( p < 5 × 10 −8 ) or was situated on the boundary of statistical significance (0.05 < p < 5 × 10 −8 ). 3.

For the number of target SNPs per million reads sequenced, TW1 resulted in significantly higher recovery compared to SG ( t = 4.03, p = 2.07 × 10 −4 ), TW2 showed a significant increase compared to TW1 ( t = 2.34, p = 0.0238), and TW2 indicated a highly significant difference compared to SG ( t = 6.52, p = 5.00 × 10 −8 ).

In complex diseases such as SLE, where many different genes make a modest contribution to disease susceptibility, it is necessary to perform large-scale association studies to combine results from several datasets, to have sufficient power to identify highly significant novel loci ( P <5×10 −8 ).

The analysis reveals several highly significant genetic loci that surpass the genome-wide significance threshold ( p = 5 × 10−8, indicated by the red dashed line).

However, most of the identified genetic loci were limited to a highly significant statistical threshold (p < 5 × 10 -8 ) because the genotype/phenotype data is inherently noisy.

S1 ) and revealed 76 SNPs with highly significant ( P < 5e−8) associated with the striped phenotype ( Fig.

Including rs74653330 (p.Ala481Thr), a missense lead variant in OCA2 , a total of 12 independent nonsynonymous variants associated with skin color traits were identified in the GWAS (Supplementary Data 5 ): 1 in a previously unreported locus, 9 in previously reported loci, and 2 in nominally significant loci (top variants of 2 loci did not pass the genome-wide significance level, P < 5.0 × 10 −8 ).

Importantly, while the P -value for rs17421627 and rs1568679 are highly significant with the common standards used in GWAS ( P < 5 × 10 −8 ), this is not the case for rs16932455 ( P = 2 × 10 −6 ).

41 A follow-up GWAS of copper, selenium, and zinc identified eight highly significant ( p < 5 × 10 − 8 ) common genetic variants that mapped to loci containing genes with roles in trace element metabolism. 42 These genetic variants accounted for 4%–8% of phenotypic variance in copper, selenium, and zinc.

Only a borderline significant association was found between PGS p < 5 × 10 −8 for diabetes and sural SNAP amplitude (β = −0.25, 95% CI = −0.52 to 0.02; Table S1 ).

A p value < 1 × 10 −5 was considered as suggestive of significance and a p value < 5 × 10 −8 was regarded as having genome-wide significance. 3.

Highly significant associations (i.e., p < 5 × 10 −8 ) were found between progression-free survival (PFS) and six SNPs (i.e., rs116665727, rs1607795, rs75614943, rs77241831, rs117500207, rs78466241).

Potential causal effects between CKD and RCC With a highly significant threshold of P<5×10 −8 , we selected 22 SNVs associated with CKD as instrumental variables.

It was immediately clear from the sample size that even for minor allele frequencies (MAF) above 20% we would find at best nominally significant evidence for associations from this study alone (0.05 > p ≥ 5 × 10 −8 ; [ 33 ]).

By utilizing the indicative significance level ( P < 5 × 10 −8 ), LD clumping, harmonization, and F-statistics > 10, a total of 13 and 103 SNPs were identified for FBI and TBI, respectively.

We considered SNPs with a one-tailed p < 0.05 in our primary sample to be nominally significant; in the overall meta-analysis, SNPs with a two-tailed p < 5.00 × 10 −8 was considered genome-wide statistically significant.

The observed associations suggest that quasi-significant SNPs (10 − 5 < p < 5 × 10 − 8 ) and SNPs at the genome wide level of statistical significance ( p < 5 × 10 − 8 ) may have a similar proportions of risk associated SNPs.

Pairwise Comparisons between Composites All the 3 Tukey's pairwise comparisons between the Δb parameters of 3 composites became highly significant (all P values <0.00000005, Figures 3 and 4 , Table 1 ). 3.2.2.

While AUC values were only slightly above 0.5, their p -values remained highly significant, even under a strict threshold ( p < 5e -8 ), except for the irritability item ( p = 7e -5 ).

For schizophrenia, enrichment in brain is much stronger than in any other tissue type ( p = 3.26×10 −19 ), while highly significant enrichment could be observed in heart ( p = 5.02×10 −8 ) and blood ( p = 1.23×10 −6 ) as well.

We initially observed that when cases with relatively short telomeres (ie, in the first and/or second quartiles) were studied, the effect of the rs10936599 genotype was not significant, whereas a significant effect was seen in the third quartile and a highly significant effect (ln(OR) −0.43, p=5.04×10 −8 ) was seen in the fourth quartile.

This decline was highly significant (p=5.06e−08, N = 18) but the p-value calculation did not account for non-independence across years (the same prevalent cases may be included in multiple years).

LDHC showed a highly significant reduction in TIF after DTX treatment ( P = 5.06 × 10 −8 ), confirming that it is contributed to TIF by the seminiferous tubules in mice. 23 Thus, mouse TIF contains hundreds of germ cell proteins, many of which are predominantly or only expressed in developing sperm that reside “inside” the blood‐testis barrier.

Furthermore, only highly significant variants ( P ≤ 5·10 −8 ) will be selected in order to avoid false positives, but also potentially reducing the number of selected variants.

Whilst both models indicated a highly significant relation between heritability and hierarchical level ( F -tests; linear: R 2 = 0.49, F 1,44 = 43, p = 5.1 × 10 −8 ; quadratic: R 2 = 0.67, F 2,43 = 44.1, p = 3.8 × 10 −11 ), the quadratic model fitted the data better than the linear model ( F -test, F 1,43 = 23.3, p = 1.8 × 10 −5 ) because heritability increased significantly from V1 to V3 ( t -test, t 8 = 2.38, p = 0.04).