Excerpts

As the processing temperature increased, the L* value showed a decreasing trend while the b* value exhibited an increasing trend, likely due to the Maillard reaction induced by high temperatures [ 21 ].

With increasing Que concentration in the complex systems, a decreasing trend in Fmax was observed for all samples.

Notably, in contrast to the frequently reported increase in the Firmicutes -to- Bacteroidota (F/B) ratio in obesity and diabetes [ 44 , 45 ], our model showed a decreasing trend in this ratio, although the difference was not statistically significant.

1-Hexanol, a VOC with an odor of freshly mown grass, exhibited a decreasing trend from day 0 to 21, apart from the PA-treated samples, which demonstrated an increasing trend. 1-Nonadecene was abundant in the control samples but present in lower quantities under LAB-treated conditions due to higher acidity, as evidenced by the detection of acetic acid in these samples but not in the control.

Under the control conditions, the total plate count in PBM samples exhibited a decreasing trend from day 0 to day 14 of storage, as 6.96 to 4.76 log CFU/g, respectively.

Both kefir water treatments, however, showed a trend toward reduced abundance of Lachnospiraceae NK4A136 group (Kefir+D-gal: 0.059 ± 0.023; pre-Kefir+D-gal: 0.030 ± 0.006) and Prevotellaceae UCG-001 (Kefir+D-gal: 0.037 ± 0.006; pre-Kefir+D-gal: 0.063 ± 0.031) compared to the D-gal-treated group ( Lachnospiraceae NK4A136: 0.113 ± 0.014, p = 0.125; Prevotellaceae UCG-001: 0.089 ± 0.010, p = 0.271).

However, their total recoveries showed a decreasing trend, primarily attributable to the solubility limitation of pumpkin seed proteins during enzymatic digestion.

On day 12, the carbonyl content in the CK, PE, and GOP 0% groups had sharply increased to 2.06 ± 0.12, 1.92 ± 0.07, and 1.70 ± 0.04 nmol/mg prot, respectively, indicating a pronounced trend of oxidative deterioration.

The significance levels were defined as follows: p > 0.05 was considered not significant, p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant, and p < 0.01 was considered highly significant.

Between 1700 and 1800 nm, C–H absorption peaks associated with lipids showed a decreasing trend over time, suggesting possible lipid oxidation or compositional changes, particularly in Mulanhu multigrain eggs, which demonstrated a more pronounced reduction, likely related to their lipid-rich composition [ 53 ].

The above-described morphological effects are caused by the intercalation process during which the intercalate locates between the graphene layers, which is commonly accompanied by the more or less significant damage of graphite matrix.

Further, cscA homologs also showed a significant increase exclusively in responders, with no significant changes in non-responders ( Figure 4 c), and the change in abundance (Δ cscA ) showed a trend toward being greater in responders ( Figure 4 d).

The rheological behavior index values show an increasing trend with milk fat content and were well below 1.0, confirming the shear-thinning nature of the formulations.

The results demonstrate a clear trend where higher milk fat content facilitates easier spreading, while higher sucrose concentration contributes to greater resistance to deformation, making the paste more difficult to spread.

faecium WEFA23 significantly increases mRNA expression of ADCY2 ( p < 0.05), CCL5 ( p < 0.05), as well as CXCL9 ( p < 0.001), and a decreasing trend of ORAI3 , while deficiency of the OTC abolished the regulatory effect and achieved a result similar to L. monocytogenes exposure.

p < 0.05 was considered significant, and p < 0.01 was considered highly significant. 3.

Changes in Soluble Protein Content of Sweet Corn As shown in Figure 6 , the soluble protein content in both the FG and FV groups as well as the CK group exhibited a decreasing trend over the storage period.

During storage, the weight loss rates of the FG and FV groups as well as the CK group exhibited an increasing trend.

The particle size of BSF showed a trend of initially decreasing and then increasing with increases in the material ball ratio ( w / w ).

Intestinal microflora alpha diversity analysis revealed that although alcohol exposure did not cause statistically significant reductions in microbial species richness or diversity in the Model group, overall levels showed a decreasing trend.

The water content in the pixian douban is demonstrated in Figure 1 b, revealing a decreasing trend throughout fermentation.

That is, T 21 , T 22 , and T 23 decreased gradually together with their corresponding S 23 and S 22 , which had some fluctuation, but S21 presented a slightly increasing trend, and the decrease trend of S 23 was relatively more obvious than that of S 22 .

The EE showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with the change in hydrolysis time and the EE reached the peak of 73.69% at 5 h.

According to Table 1 , the ΔH m and F w values of the control sample showed an increasing trend, while those of the GCAFP-treated gluten protein decreased.

FBF showed a decreasing trend in both G′ and G′′ after germination.